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GREEK  TABLES 

OR 

A  METHOD  OF  TEACHING  THE  GREEK  PARADIGM 

IN  A  MORE  SIMPLE  AND  FUNDAMENTAL  MANNER 

By  D.  FRIEDRICH  THIERSCH 

PROP.  IN  THE  LYCEUM  AND  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  PHILOLOG.  SEM.  AT  MUNICH 
TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED 

AN  ESSAY  ON  THE  DIALECTS, 

FROM  BUTTMANn's  GRAMMAR. 


tRANSLATED 

By  R.  B.  PATTON 

professor  of  languages  in  middlebury  collegk. 

ANDOVER 

PRINTED  AT  THE  CODxMAN  PRESS 

BY  FLAGG  AND  GOULD 

1822. 


^V  S'f'^ 


-PA 


Ir 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


/>W/M 


The  present  translation  originated  in  a  sincere  desire  to  excite 
and  cherish,  in  the  youth  of  our  country,  a  thirst  for  more  exten- 
sive investigation,  in  the  subjects  connected  with  the  Greek  Gram- 
mar and  Literature.  The  author  holds  a  distinguished  rank  in 
Germany,  among  those  who  have  laiioured  so  successfully,  of  late 
years,  to  facilitate  the  study  of  the  Greek  language. 

The  original  work  war?  not  designed  by  the  Author  to  enter 
the  lists  with  any  Grammars  in  common  use,  and  the  same  may  be 
said  of  the  translation.  In  Germany,  the  Original  has  been  gene- 
rally admitted  into  the  Gymnasia,  even  where  the  Greek  Grammar 
of  the  Author  is  not  adopted  for  the  purposes  of  elementary  instriic- 
tion.  And  if  the  Translation  can  succeed  in  extending  the  views 
of  our  students  beyond  the  range  of  mere  grammatical  forms,  and 
the  modes  of  instruction  to  which  they  have  been  accustomed,  and 
enable  them  to  participate  in  the  views  and  feelings  of  the  schol- 
ars of  a  portion  of  Europe,  so  conspicuous  for  philological  attain- 
ments, the  translator  will  have  reason  greatly  to  rejoice,  although 
the  translation,  as  a  translation,  may  not  be  approved. 

The  Translator  confesses  himself  of  the  number  who  value 
highly  the  philological  works  of  the  Germans,  and  who  earnestly 
desire  to  see  them  circulated  in  our  country  ;  to  see  the  same  spir- 
it of  laborious  research  and  expansive  inquiry  infused  into  the  bos- 
oms of  our  youth  ;  in  order  that  we  may  avail  ourselves  of  the  ad- 
vances made  by  others  ;  of  their  experience,  habits,  thoughts,  and 
feelings  ;  and  thus,  be  enabled  to  cope  with  them  in  future  research- 
es. Whether  this  be  possible,  under  the  present  inauspicious 
frowns  of  the  Government  on  our  expanding  literature,  is  a  seri- 
ous, and  to  every  genuine  student  a  painful  question.  But  every 
one  who  wishes  to  mitigate  in  some  degree  the  deserved  reproach- 
es, cast  upon  us  by  the  monarchical  nations  of  Europe,  will  eager- 
ly embrace  the  least  opportunity,  to  extend  our  views  beyond  the 
limits  of  our  colleges,  our  cities,  and  even  of  our  country  itself. 

The  system  developed  in  this  work  does  not  differ  materially 
from  that  of  Buttmann.  Thiersch  has  pursued  the  analysis  a  step 
or  two  further,  with  what  success  every  one  must  decide  for  him- 
self. 


ir  ADVF.RTISE1IE5T. 

The  Edition  of  the  Tables,  that  of  lfil3,  to  which  I  had  access, 
literally  swarmed  with  erron>  of  the  prey's.  So  far  as  time  would 
permit  I  have  rndeavoured  to  eradicate  them,  and  not  to  commit 
new  orie«t  in  correcting  the  old.  It  has  been  thought  expedient  al- 
so to  render  the  Homeric  Paradigms  more  complete,  by  -ome  addi- 
tions, principally  from  the  second  edition  of  the  (Jrammar  of  the 
Author.  These  addition*  being  merely  from  another  work  of  the 
Author,  it  w;h  not  thuui;ht  nece**ary  to  specify  them  particularly. 

The  C)riginal  was  printed  in  tables  and  in  the  folio  Ibrm.  The 
whole  Work  is  here  reduced  to  a  smaller  size  which  renders  it 
more  convenient  and  less  expensive.  On  the  dialects,  we  hare 
preferred  the  small  but  comprehensive  treatise  of  BuUmann,  Mat- 
thix's  account  is  somewhat  confused,  and  probably,  in  a  historical 
point  of  view,  incorrect.  Many  assertions  of  Thiersch,  ou  this 
head,  are  perhaps  too  gratuitous.  liuUmann  is  always  chaste  and 
inductive. 

.As  to  the  translation  itself,  much  might  be  said,  as  usual,  oa 
the  crowd  of  German  technics,  and  the  unwieldy  and  refractory 
German  sentences,  which  almost  refuse  to  receive  the  English 
dress,  but  I  forbear.  To  those  who  are  acquainted  wiih  the  Ger- 
man, and  especially  theCJerman  of  the  prefaces  to  this  work,  noth- 
ing need  be  said:  to  those  who  are  not,  all  that  could  be  said 
would  be  in  vain. 

I  close  with  the  hope,  that  those  who  have  snore  time  and  abil- 
ity for  such  an  employment,  may  endeavour  by  means  of  transla- 
tions, to  extend  our  acquaintance  with  the  philological  works  ot 
foreign  nations,  especially  of  Germany,  and  thus  produce  that  uni- 
versal literary  excitement,  which  eventually  must  secure  to  us  the 
highest  literary  pnviU'ges,  aa  well  as  establish  our  national  pros- 
perity on  the  tirmest  basis. 


vt- 


PREFACE 

TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1808. 


To  be  thoroughly  grounded  in  the  Greek  Paradigm,  it  is  not 
enough  that  the  learner  be  able,  immediately,  or,  at  least,  upon  a 
little  recollection,  to  analyse  every  form  which  presents  itself,  for 
example,  Xfiq:r&iir]0(xv,  to  tell  immediately  what  it  is,  and  that  the 
root  contains  liin,  kii^,  or  Ificp.  He  must  also  be  prepared,  as  in 
the  Latin,  without  the  labour  of  conjugating,  to  give,  in  its  prop- 
er form,  any  mood,  tense,  and  person  of  any  verb  at  pleasure. 
Should  the  instructor,  therefore,  demand  the  1.  Aor.  Mid.  Opt 
mood.  3  pers.  Dual  numb,  of  ygvaoco,  he  must  be  able  promptly 
to  answer  xQ^acoGalad^tjv. 

Owing  to  the  endless  complication  of  the  Greek  Paradigm, 
this  attainment  has  been  deemed  impossible  for  the  beginner ; 
and  so  indeed  it  must  be,  if  we  consider  the  vast  multitude  of 
rules  in  our  grammars,  regarded  as  indispensable  for  the  for- 
mation of  as  great  a  number  of  tenses.  Every  one,  however, 
who  will  pursue  the  method  here  pointed  out  in  explaining  the 
forms  and  in  using  the  paradigm,  will  find  it,  I  think,  not  only  pos- 
sible, but,  to  the  gratification  of  both  teacher  and  learner,  not  even 
difficult.  The  paradigm  must  be  reduced  to  its  simple  constituent 
parts,  as  is  done  in  the  following  pages,  and  these  parts  united 
again  under  the  inspection  of  the  learner.  Thus  the  different 
parts  necessary  for  the  formation  of  any  mood,  person,  tense,  &c. 
whatever,  arrange  themselves  naturally  in  his  memory  ;  and  while 
the  question  of  the  instructor  suggests  first  the  mood,  then  the 
tense,  and  finally  the  person,  the  learner  forms  them  immediately 
in  the  same  order.  Let  iQvawfsaiG&riv^  for  instance,  be  requir- 
ed. First  of  all,  the  teacher  referring  him  to  the  I.  Aor.  Mid.  he 
forms  this  tense  from  the  root  and  termination,  i^QvoMOUf-inv,  ac- 
cording to  the  given  rules.     Secondly,  the  teacher  referring  him 


6  PREFACE  TO  THU  LDITIOJi  OV   lbU8. 

to  the  Optalirc  mood,  he   rejects  the  mutable  parts  i au/iy  so 

that  jgvataa  remains,  and  introduces  the  characteristic  vowel  of 
the  mood,*  (at)  o.  g.  ^ovamaai.  Finally,  the  teacher  referring 
him  to  thr  3  pers.  Dual  nim»b<r,  he  knotvs  that  the  Optative  has, 
io  this  person,  the  termination  peculiar  to  the  Secondary  tenses,! 
wi^ich  is  so  Inmiliar  to  him  that  in  the  present  case  he  immediate- 
ly BUg^ct'*  axhiv,  and  will  g'ive  the  completed  form  j^oi-awnalaOrfV. 
Or  let  the  I'erf.  Pass,  of  Xtyoi  (ground-form  A<A*y,)  and  Intin. 
moid  (termination  a&ui  subjoined,)  be   required,  and   he  answers, 

with   little    hesitation,  XthyoOui ItlriOui    (^  ').  .?.  and   §  3. 

Note  I.) 

Experience  has  taught  the  author  that  after  the  explanation 
of  the  paradigm,  but  little  additional  practice  was  necessary,  in  or- 
der to  aripiire  suitable  facility;  tor  such  is  the  consistency  and 
wrll  grounded  regularity  of  the  (»reek  paradigm,  that  the  begin- 
ner will  \ery  soon  tind  himself  at  home.  It  is  evident,  however, 
that  in  onler  to  obtain  our  end,  besides  the  analysis  of  the  para- 
digm into  its  constituent  parts,  we  must  endeavour  lo  simplify  the 
varmus  doctrines  and  rules  concerning  augments,  shortening  long 
syllables,  &:r. — e-<pecjally  concerning  the  formation  of  the  tenses. 
How  can  we  expect  the  bi-ginuerto  give  a  person  of  some  remote 
tense,  tor  example  the  ;i  pers  I'lur.  numb.  Aor.  1.  Pass.  Indicat. 
mood  of  neUiit),  if  he  is  forced  from  the  present  into  the  iFut.Act., 
thence  into  the  I'erf  Act.,  thence  into  the  Ferf.  Pass.,  then  into 
the  3  pJ'P*,  Sing,  of  the  same,  and  thus  (inally  arrives  at  the  Aor. 
1  Pass.?  'J'he  olil  deiluction-theory  which  has  been  already  in  part 
abandoned  by  othrr^,  is  here  entirely  rejected,  and  the  tunses  in 
gcnrral  derived  immediately  tVom  the    Pi;vs.,  or  ralhrr.    togithci 

*  {Mudu$tf>fal)  Our  lnogua;;e  rathi-r  rerulti  nt  the  unbounded  libertj 
10  llie  compotitiun  of  word*  which  the  (Mrniao  cnjoji.  Dut  Ihc  transla- 
tor rtili  hiiuit  IT  contlraintd  to  adopt,  herrnrirr,  for  (he  take  of  breviljr,  on 
tlic  fm|urnt  rccurrent-e  of  (hit  phrase  {ModutMcal,)  (he  li(cral  bu(  Dp|>otite 
ripmsion  Muodroxctl.  V'id.  ♦  I  j. 

t  i^.S'tbtnltmpora)  \Aj  Primary  and  ><reondary  lfnsf$,  ii««'d  (Itroughout  this 
work  to  denote  (he  Uauptttmpora  and  ytbtnttmpora  of  (he  original,  is  mfan( 
no  aorc  than  (his,  «lii>l,  in  rtsprrl  lo  the  form,  {dtr  form  nach,)  the  priiunrjr 
(rutrs  (Trtr*.  Kut.  i'erf.)  hare  earh  conncc(ed  wi(h  them  a  secondary  (cose 
^Imprrf.  Aor.  I'lusr)pf.)  called  t)jr  UuHmtma  Kistorteal  Itnses,  (histuhschc  tcm- 
I'oin)  .\utl'uLrliclic  Gramm.  t  SI.    (7V.) 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF   1808.  7 

with  the  Praes.,  from  the  common  root.  Any  doubts  on  this  head 
will,  it  is  hoped,  be  entirely  dissipated  by  a  nearer  examination  of 
the  paradigm. 

If  we  now  demand  of  the  learner  thus  initiated,  the  above 
mentioned  Aor.  1.  Pass.  Ind.  Mood,  Plur.  numb.  3  pers.  he  will  im- 
mediately to  its  ground-form  sniiO-  annex  the  personal  termina- 
tion &7]C!ccv  ;  but,  being  accustomed  to  change  t  before  another  t 
into  ff,  (§  4.  5.  Note  2.)  he  will  suggest  without  hesitation,  inela- 

This  may  serve  to  explain  the  mode  of  proceeding  in  question- 
ing the  learner  concerning  the  tenses.  The  advantage  however 
of  this  method  in  recognizing  and  developing  the  forms  which  oc- 
cur in  reading,  as  well  as  in  promoting  a  rapid  progress  and  a  gen- 
erous freedom  in  the  language,  is  very  evident.  Whoever  will  ac- 
quaint himself  with  the  forms  by  mere  effort  of  memory,  never 
obtains  a  sure  possession  of  them.  Rigid  method,  so  requisite  in 
most  cases,  is  here  in  a  special  manner  necessary,  and  only  what 
we  learn  methodically  can  take  root  and  thrive.  The  committing 
the  paradigm  to  memory,  which  is  still  necessary  for  acquiring  fa- 
cility in  the  use  of  the  forms,  proceeds  with  greater  ease  and  accu- 
racy if  the  whole  is  grounded  on  a  system  of  derivation  or  forma- 
tion which  presents  itself  at  every  step.  The  arrangement  of  the 
whole,  however,  (which  in  the  introductory  part  must  descend  to 
a  consideration  of  even  the  letters  or  elementary  parts  of  words,) 
fe  worthy  of  investigation — perhaps  of  regard  by  those  who  are 
employed  in  the  business  of  instruction.  The  author  trusts  that  he 
may  be  indulged  in  making  such  a  suggestion,  if,  without  neglect- 
ing the  most  recent  investigations  of  Grammarians,  he  has  been 
fortunate  enough  to  simplify  the  doctrine  of  Greek  forms,  and 
bring  it  out  of  its  former  confused  state,  but  still  without  adopting 
the  arbitrary  principles  of  Lennep  and  others. 


PREFACE 

ro  THi:  EDITION  OF  1809. 

The  paradigm  has  met  with  a  more  favourable  reception  thaa 
I  had  ventured  to  anticipate.  When  that  which  is  sanctioned  by 
custom  is  attacked,  although  without  noise  or  arrogance,  the  op- 
position of  those  is  awakened  who  are  unable  or  unwilling  to  com- 
prehend what  is  new.  What  is  old  and  customary  i^'  become,  from 
long  use,  both  familiar  and  dear  to  them.  In  giving  shape,  how- 
ever, to  a  mass  hitherto  only  partially  reduced  to  order,  many 
circumstances  wore  necessarily  arranged  otherwise  than  in  the 
common  method.  Hence  a  number  might  easily  fail  of  the  desired 
•uccess,  and  thus  afford  occasion  to  the  captious  of  expressing  their 
chagrin. 

Contrary  to  my  expectations  the  method  here  proposed  was 
placed,  by  the  (Jottingen  GelehrU  Anzei^en  No.  Jo.  1808,  unmo- 
Icsteil,  by  the  side  of  rarlior  attempts,  and  the  issue  awaited.  By 
the  New  I.eipsic  Literatur  Zeitutig  No.  1  17.  1808,  it  was  received 
■8  to  its  distinguishing  features,  and  the  old  deduction-theory  re- 
jected. By  the  J ci\a  .'Itlgemeine  Lit.  Zcit.  No.  192.  1808,  it  was 
received  without  any  limitation  or  mo<lification,  ^'because  thereby 
life  is  reitortd  to  a  vuui  heretofore  dead,  and  tiie  rich  design  viani- 
fett  in  thit  systematic  language  is  clearly  demonstrated,  XL'hich^  for  a 
long  time,  has  been  regarded  as  the  spiritless  zcork  jf  caprice  or  chance.'^ 
In  consequence  of  this  the  paradigm  came  into  frequent  use,  and 
was  introduced  into  many  of  the  more  respcctal)le  (Jymnasia;  nor 
has  any  one  yot  been  found,  who  has  not,  from  his  own  experi- 
ence, reali/ed  their  utility. 

This  new  edition,  which  appears  nine  months  after  the  first, 
will  shew  that  I  have  paid  a  «luo  regard  to  the  objections  advanc- 
ed by  other*,  and  have  adopted  their  proposed  improvements  ;  at 
the  game  time,  that  I  have  bei>n  fully  sensible   how  imperfect  the 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF   1  809.  9 

former  edition  was.  The  present  edition  is  enriched  principally 
by  the  addition  of  the  Homeric  paradigm,  which  the  study  of  Ho- 
mer renders  so  desirable.  To  our  friend  Mr.  Assessor  D.  Dissen, 
we  are  indebted  for  the  careful  enumeration  of  the  Homeric  forms, 
who  instituted  a  thorough  examination  of  Homer,  in  order  that 
nothing  of  importance  might  escape  us.  The  last  tables,  exclu- 
sively the  result  of  his  labours,  will  prove,  no  doubt,  to  the  young 
friends  of  Homer  an  acceptable  present. 

It  was  not  till  lately  that  an  attack  was  made  upon  this  meth- 
od by  one,  whose  opposing  voice,  I  had,  from  the  commencement, 
expected  to  hear.  In  the  Jena  Allgem.  Lit.  Zeit.  No.  4.  of  this 
year,  appeared  an  article,  "  some  strictures  on  ThierscK's  paradigm 
of  the  Greek  verb  by  F — G."  written  with  much  warmth.  The  re- 
marks of  the  author,  who  has  never  made  a  trial  of  the  method, 
and,  nevertheless,  threatens  to  overturn  it  as  prejudicial  to  the 
cause  of  instruction,  concern,  for  the  most  part,  mere  trifles,  which 
might  be  altered  by  a  single  stroke  of  the  pen  if  really  necessa- 
ry. Besides,  these  cavils  expose,  not  only  the  animosity,  but  the  ig- 
norance also,  of  the  author.  He  threatens  to  subvert  the  method 
in  one  of  its  principal  parts,  by  objecting,  to  the  derivation  of  ev- 
ery tense  from  the  root,  the  form  xfrvqiarai,  for  rirvfifiivot  iial^ 
and  thus  wishes  to  deduce  the  original  epic  form  from  the  much 
younger  aspirated  Perf.  Act. — On  this  point,  however,  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  tenses,  it  is  necessary  to  be  more  explicit,  that  I  may 
avoid,  for  the  future,  the  imputation  of  a  desire  of  change  and  a 
fondness  for  arbitrary  arrangement. 

In  the  oldest  Grammarians  traces  are  found  of  that  method,  ac- 
cording to  which,  the  tenses  are  formed  in  such  a  manner,  that  one 
is  always  made  the  foundation  of  another;  e.  g.  from  id6&t]v  is 
formed  do&i'jGOfA^cci,  from  i'gftAa,  igfdccfXT^v^  &c.  The  opinion  was 
finally  adopted,  that,  in  order  to  arrive  at  any  form  after  the  Prss., 
we  must  pass  through  another  form  to  which  it  seemed  to  bear 
some  analogy.  But  we  find  it  no  where  asserted,  that  this  system 
of  derivation  is  not  equally  valid  and  useful  when  the  order  is  in- 
verted, and  i86&i]v  formed  from  do&}']GOfiai,  or  trvxpa  from  rtrvqia. 
Thus  the  author  of  the  Halle  Grammar,  to  whom  most  of  us  are 
indebted  for  our  elementary  instruction,  thinks  he  has  simplified 
the  business,  when  he  advises  us  to  derive  all  the  tenses  of  the 
Pass,  from  the  corresponding  tenses  of  the  Act.     At  least,  it  is  not 


10  PRllFACE  TO  THE  EDITIo5  OF   180f>. 

n  more  capricious  mode  of  proceeding,  to  change,  for  the  Ftit.  Pass. 
«/'oi  into  q&iiaouat^  iu)  into  j[6i}aoitat,  and  for  the  Aor.  ifa  into 
qOr,r^  |«  into  jfOijr,  than,  according  to  the  common  method,  to 
convert  if  a  into  fiftut,  yu  into  y/tut,  and  xu  sometimes  into  ^ui  and 
sometimes  into  oftui,  in  order  to  obtain  the  Ferf.  Pas«. ;  or,  in  or- 
der to  arrive  at  the  Aor.  I.  Pass,  of  arpi'qoi^  to  lead  us  through  ta- 
TQ^ii'U,  tatptqa,  tnrouuuut,  iaroanrui,  iaTpttn-\^r,y.  When  any 
method  is  so  arbitrary,  we  may  be  assured  that  it  has  wandered 
far  from  the  way  whicli  the  language  has  pursued  in  its  formation. 
First  of  all,  »ve  cannot  mistake  the  analogous  formation  of  those 
lenses  which  are  chtsscd  together  in  the  paradigm  as  primary  and 
secondary  tenses,  rnvqu  trertquv,  Tt-q&rinouai  iTvqi>r)t;  ri'-i/'oi 
trviiia,  iiC.  Should  this  already  appear  ca|»riciou«,  to  receive  a 
doubtful  Fut.  oxMrruj,  in  order  to  obtain  r,nuatt,  still  it  is  a  matter  of 
indifference,  in  itself  considered,  whether  we  I'orm  Tiq6t]ooftai  from 
trvq&tiy,  or  tivqBr^v  from  Tiq6t';ao^ai,  were  it  not  necessary  to  ren- 
der this  mode  of  proceeding  «ul)servient  to  a  more  important  end. 
Of  this  however  more  hereafter.  What  now  concerns  us  is,  to 
strike  at  the  root  of  the  old  deduction-theory,  which  renders 
even  the  primary  tenses  dependent  on  other  forms,  e.  g.  riivqa 
on  ttvyu,  jtrvi.iittti  im  itjiqo,  TvqOt-aonui  through  itiq&r,¥  on 
ttJtniui-  Lc\  us  commence  with  the  IVrf  which  Ciramniarians 
have  begun  to  regard  as  a  finished  or  perfect  present.*  {Prasens 
perjectatn,  invqet.  I  have  struck — ^juijt  now.) 

For  the  unfinished  or  imperfect  present.  (^Prcrsens  iinper tectum,) 
cerl-iin  terminations  were  invented,  I'lnr. — iin — ti — viai.  and 
were  subjoined  to  tlie  root, — 

gii  <i  iuiv  q  lit  (qavrrn)  qunt 

(id  fi'ifify  (iUif  {liJiroi)  ;iuni 

rkd  ik'tfiiw  tldxi  (^rhirtai)  iliiat 

To  denote  that  the  present  was  past  or  fnished  {Pnes.  perf.) 
ll)e  rediipliration  was  introduced  into  the  three  nulical  languages, 
{(if.idftfy,  jffgaiigeii,  cef idi,)  and  thus  originated  the  g^round-forms 
of  the  Perf.  which  have   been  preserved  entire,  in   the  epic  lan- 

•  Compare  Hrrmunn  d«  emend,  rut.  Gnrc.  Gramm.  p.  106.  Mnllhi.-c 
•u«f.  Gr«mm.  p.  Cnj,  and  the  iof^niout  di»*4.Tla(ioa  "  rf*  Temporibus  el  Modis 
rtrht  (irvfi^^  br  l.uilnlp  Citnt^.  I)t»*cn,  p.  5,  »pq.  From  thi«  ilifirrtation  nrc 
borrowed  the  ontr.ci  of  the  Icjiici  which  are  hrrr  rDipl'>rpJ 


f  REFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1  809*         |(  "[J   V.  1  1 

guage.     Single  persons,   the  3d  for   instance,  hav^i;^i||i(^  tbueir 
way  into  all  the  dialects. —  ^^^^^^i^L'   " 

TtTka.f.iiv  TiiXdxa  {rfrXavrat)  titIuoc 

igdfiev  fgdr^  {igdviGi)  ii^uoi 

According  to  the  same  analogy 
Imperf.  (Praeteritum  imperlectum,)  i^diitv^  i^dre,  i^daav,  txlduav^ 
hldxi^  irkdacxv. 

Plusqpf.  [f^e^dfui/,  i^el^dze,  ij3f(3dauv,)  fV^rAd^wfi/,  htTldie.h- 
izkdGuv,  the  former  with  an  Aor.  signification. 

Such  forms  as  i^t^u^iev  were  forbidden  by  the  metre  of  the 
epic  language,  while  iTtvlui-iiv  and  8i§aaav  were  admitted  and 
retained.  It  seems  inconsistent  with  the  progressive  formation  of 
the  language,  and  therefore  arbitrary,  to  derive,  as  is  done  in  the 
Grammars,  TtTlui.iiv^  Tixlaje^  TfT^.aac,  by  an  unnecessary  syn- 
cope, from  TfrAdd|«fj/,  r^rAddrf,  and  these  forms  again,  by  syn- 
cope, from  Tfrh'inufxsi',  &c.  thus  regarding  the  fullest  form  as  the 
original  one. 

The  first  short  a  in  the  3  pers.  Plur.  as  ^e^ddat;  (Affiddai,  yt- 
yddai,  is  not  derived  from  any  syncopated  form,  but  depends  upon 
the  same  rule  in  the  epic  language,  which  permits  ogag  to  be 
lengthened  into  oQctag.  II.  7.  448.  aa)^ula  into  uayukaa.  11.  2.  293. 
fivua&ai  into  f.ivaciO&CKi.  Od,  1.  39.  or  uhiuljo  into  aixcooiTO.  II. 
11.  653. 

Add  to  this,  that  for  the  Sing.,  -u-ag-s  (from  ta-tug-ee  the 
original  Perf  of  eif.ii)  were  adopted,  and  we  have  the  original 
conjugation  of  the  Perf  Act.  This  has  been  retained  in  <5(w,  diio, 
deiSo)  (root  di,)  the  verse  and  a  regard  for  euphony,  however, 
generally  requiring  the  e  in  di'dia  to  be  lengthened  into  d'lid'ia.  a*? 
in  deidtyurac  tor  diSt'^arai.    Od.  7.  72. 

II.  13.481. 
Od.   18.  79. 
II.  18.  34. 
II.  9.  230. 

U.  20.  366.  as  Imper. 
II.  24.  663.  for  Sfdiv- 
Tfft  with  the  Ionic  a  for  v.  Here  f  remains  in  its  simple  form  be- 
cause the  verse  permits  it.  To  this  original  conjugation  of  the 
Perf.  (which  in  the  Dual  and  Plur.  is  deficient  in   all  the   mood- 


Sing.  1. 

d'eldc     - 

-     a 

2. 

deldo    - 

■    ug 

3. 

deidt    - 

■    s 

Plur.  1. 

dfldi     ■ 

-       (ASV 

2. 

ditdo     - 

-       T£ 

3. 

dedi      ■ 

-    ccat 

It  PRIFACE  TO  THr  EDITION  OF  1809. 

vowel",  and  for  this  reason  follows  the  analop^y  of  the  conjugatioa 
in  fit,)  helong  such  forms  of  the  Imper.  as  x«'xAu^t,  jirKu&i,  u'9- 
vuOi,  dtldidt; — of  the  Opt.  as  Tt&nxir}f,  rirXmir/v,  kc.  (both  their 
Kiffnifjcalion  an«J  the  .).  pen.  IMur.  Ind.  ri^yaat,  which  belongs  to 
this  class,  forbid  us  to  regard  them  as  Aorisla  with  the  reduplica- 
tion;) — of  the  Infm.  as  Tt&vaunat,  xtdvctfitv,  xi&vavut,  rixkuvui. ; 
— of  the  Participles,  as  didiw^i,  dudtoii-;,  ^a^uo\q; — as  well  as  some 
single  persons,  such  as  riiisiipl'.  i:ii:iiOf.itv,  also  id^fv^  tilt,Xovd^fv. 
All  these  are  lorms  in  which  the  terminations  merely  are  annexed 
to  the  rout,  increased  by  the  reduplication.  They  cannot  be  ex- 
plained by  the  abbreviation  of  the  tull  form,  e.  g.  xtOvudt  short- 
ened from  Tt'Otftjxt.,  TtOvu'tt]¥  from  Tt&¥ti%oi^i,  at  least  not  with- 
out the  mo-'t  violent  and  unnatural  changes,  e.  g.  diSiuiv,  by  re- 
jecting o«,   X,  «,  from  fiftiointt^itv. 

It  must  already  appear  evident  that  in  the  formation  of  the 
Perf,  the  language  has  pursued  its  own  free  course,  without  ren- 
dering this  tense  dependent  on  the  first  Aorist.  .\nd  why,  indeed, 
in  order  to  arrive  at  the  original  forms  rt&vaufv,  dfidiufy,  should 
we  invent  unheard  of  Aorists,  titvtjnu,  idinu  (Homer  has,  it  is  true, 
iddnau^,  tddnat.  tdSiiaart,  tddftauv  ;  nothing  however  from  i'diaa^ 
still  less  from  tifvr,nu,  « liich  he  and  all  the  CJreeks  would  have 
founil  intolerable  by  the  side  of  tOaiov) — why,  I  say,  should  we 
invent  these  strange  .Aorists,  and  proceed  from  these  to  unknown 
Perfect*,  "uch  as  <J/«)<xa,  and  from  these  (e.  g.  from  dfidixafiif^) 
remove  the  xa  which  never  existed,  in  order  to  arrive  al  the  orig- 
inal and  indeptMident  form  dilihttiv  ?  This  last  form,  however,  (de- 
(icient  in  the  Mood-vowel,)  altogether  unconcerned  about  this  for- 
nmlable  bulwark  of  etymology,  is  formed  independently  of  any 
other  tense,  from  the  ground-form  of  the  tense  and  the  termina- 
tion. If  tiiis  mode  of  proccetling  is  unphilological  in  the  case  of 
fififiifuv^  StfiiMi,  it  is  etpially  so  in  the  case  of  rti^va^fr,  fifuufag^ 
ami  others,  for  the  f«)rination  is  same.  Beyond  this,  the  language 
of  Homer  made  but  few  advances  in  the  further  ibrmation  of  the 
Perfect. 

'I'he  u  relainc<l  from  the  old  I'erf  hi,  became  the  chara'^teris- 
lic  vowel  of  the  Perf,  {nn9)  ntnoiOuufv^  ■nfnui9aTt,  (nA^y)  uf- 
■.fktiyutin>,  («/'»y)  :jf(ftiyufify-  It  is  evident  that  this  form  of  the 
scron«l  Pi-rl.,  a-  il  is  called,  is  dcriveil  Irom  the  Kiit.  i.  no  more 
Ibaii  l)^t^tu  fr  >ni    idnau   and  ditdi^u.      in  the  verba  pura  a    x    wa" 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF   1809.  13 

introduced,  to  avoid  the  collision  of  vowels,  as  in  ovxi'rc^  fajy.tTt. 
The  tinal  vowel  of  the  root  was  now  doubled  before  this  x,  accord- 
ing to  the  g-eneral  rule,  ^{^a-uoi,  (Sfiiuxcoi^  §f^t]Kaai.  In  many 
verbs  both  forms  are  found,  side  by  side,  in  different  persons,  t4- 
&fi]X6  not  Tt&vaf,  Tf&i'UGt  not  TfO^ftjuuoc;  also  ^i^uuai,  §iija.(.uv^ 
^efiuMQ ;  and  i3i§i]Kuq^  §i^t]Hi  ;   Plusqpl'.  pi^tjufi. 

These  are  the  steps  by  which  the  epic  language  proceeded 
in  the  independent  formation  of  the  Perf.  viz.  the  invention  of  the 
reduplication,  Ti'rA«jU6j/;  the  introduction  of  the  Mood-vowel  a^nf- 
^iiyuf.iiv^  and  of  the  k  in  the  verba  pura^  xi^vaa  Ti'&vrjxu^  rt- 
xh'us  Tt&vfjxe,  &c.  The  remaining  peculiarities  of  this  tense 
have  been  subsequently  introduced.  One  of  these  is,  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  tt  in  the  verba  liqjiida,  and  in  a  portion  of  the  verba  muta. 
Such  forms  as  Tctcfayaa.,  tGncc^-Aa,  &c.  are  unknown  in  the  epic  lan- 
guage, much  more  so  the  attic  forms,  in  which  the  a  suppresses 
the  T  sound,  e.  g.  nei&M  mnii^-'Att  ntnemu.  The  dtdoiyiu  there- 
fore of  Jlomer  is  not  to  be  derived  from  dildw^  but  from  the  inter- 
mediate form  deib).  As  little  claim  to  originality  has  the  other 
form  of  the  Perf.  with  the  aspirated  71  and  x,  e.  g.  rirvqcc^  ntnXeiu. 
The  aspirate  was  retained,  it  is  true,  where  it  was  found  in  the 
root,  as  in  rfrff/wg,  Od.  12.  423.  from  the  rootriu/;  so  in  xir^t^'^a 
(root  TQtiX-)  Ti'rgocfK  (root  TQi(p.)  §t^Qvxoi.  (root  ^gv^.)  But  an 
aspirate  in  the  Perf.,  assumed  independently  of  the  root,  is  utter- 
ly unknown  in  Homer.  A  multitude  of  perfects  are  found  such 
as  'AtnoTcu^  TtTQiyUf  ntTih]ya,  GiGTjna,  ntqgixa,  m'iffvya.  Sac.  which 
afforded  an  opportunity  for  such  an  aspirate,  but  no  where  is  any 
trace  of  such  a  form  as  TtTvq:a  for  Ta'xvna ;  a  satisfactory 'proof,  that 
those  aspirated  Perfects  were  first  introduced  during  the  subse- 
quent progress  of  the  language.  The  first  traces  of  them  are  met 
with  in  Herodotus.  We  have,  then,  five  steps  by  which  the  lan- 
fi^uage  has  proceeded  gradually  in  the  formation  of  this  tense.  The 
forms  dildififv,  nfnoi&a^ifv,  ^f§r,Kafiav,  rtrvqauev,  m-niiKa^iiv^ 
may  serve  to  indicate  these  steps.  Those,  however,  who  derive 
the  3d,  4th,  and  bih  of  these  forms,  from  the  Aor-  1.,  and  the  2d 
from  the  Fut.  2.,  and,  for  the  1st,  avail  themselves  of  syncope,  will 
do  well  to  reflect,  whether  they  are  not  pursuing  a  course,  directly 
contrary  to  that  which  analogy  points  out  in  the  formation  of  lan- 
guage. 

Having  ascertained  the  formation  of  the  Perf.  to  be  indopend- 


1 4  I'REKACK  TO  TUF.  tDITlON  OF   1 809. 

enl  of  tlio  other  tenses,  am]  the  primary  tenses  of  the  Act.  stand- 
ing thus  on  their  own  fouuilation,  it  will  not  be  dillkult  to  prove 
the  same  in  re«pect  to  the  primary  tenses  of  the  Pass.  It  has 
been  u^iual  to  derive  the  I'erf.  I'ass.  from  the  Perf.  Act.,  the  Aor. 
1.  Pa*",  from  the  .3  pens.  .Sing,  of  the  Perf.  Pa««.,  and  the  Tut.  I. 
Pa««.  from  the  Aor.  1. 

The  re<iiiphcation,  w  hich  is  common  to  the  Perf.  .\ct,  and  Pass.. 
can  fnrni-^h  no  salisfaclory  evidence  that  the  one  is  derived  from 
the  other.  For  admittiut^  that  this  sifi^n  was  invented  to  denote  the 
completion  of  a  portion  of  lime,  we  shouhl  natiinilly  expect  to  find 
it  wherever  tiiis  idea  prevails.  In  conformity  with  its  orisrinal  use. 
\\v  meet  with  it  to  denote  a  completed  future,  xi\\)Ouat  ifrinpo- 
fiut.  With  resfard  to  the  Perf.  .Art.  and  Pass.,  the  radical  vowels 
arc  not  unfreiuently  altogether  different ;  e.  «f.  Perf.  Act.  r/r^r/a. 
Pas.'.  T*'r«7»«/ ;  Perl".  Act.  rtrpoqa.  Pass.  Tt'rgauftai ;  xtxf.Oifct, 
Ht'xltiinai  ;  tarn'/^a,  tariyuai;  (if'fitjxu,  pf^auai ;  tyrivoxtt,  *>")• 
ff/iiai.  .\  Id  to  thi'-,  that  frr(|uently  tlie  Perlects  Act.,  iVom 
which  the  Perfects  Pa««.  are  derived,  are  arbitrarily  assumed, 
e.  p.  n*.ii'x«  (iVom  ntvifoi)  in  order  to  form  nt'nvnitat ;  »;''/«  (from 
/ixtii)  to  form  i/i'yttui ;  and  we  are  constrained  to  acknowledge 
that  the  Perf.  I'ass.  like  the  I'erl'.  Act.,  is  not  dependent  on  any 
other  tense  for  its  formation.  This  assertion  receives  the  fullest 
contirnjation  iVom  the  circumstance,  that  even  in  Homer  we  find 
this  aipiraled  form  in  the  Perl".  Pa's*.,  which,  in  the  Act.  we  meet 
with  tii-st  in  H«'rodo(u.i;  e.  g.  i:xtifTou<fatttt  from  tmroinoi,  II.  J 
2.'»,  ni  kttoi  Tt.iiTftijuqttTat  x«i  luaaa  fu'iitili ;  and  II.  11.20,  kt- 
uffot  di  douxoi'if^  uoii)ot/UTO  .roori  duptii'.  It  is,  we  presume, 
sudirieiitly  apparent,  that  such  I'orms  are  not  derived  Irom  the 
much  younjfJT  aspirated  Perf.  Act.,  hut,  together  with  this,  imme- 
iliately  from  the  root  ;  e.g.  rnarj,  {ryarno  is  found  in  Jleiodotus.) 
tfrpurxftui,  TfthurjctTUi,   itTQuqarat. 

Who,  thni,  woulil  not  delight  to  follow  the  course  of  the  lan- 
guage il«elf,  which,  from  the  root  xoorO  (comp.  xooiv  xugrO-o^) 
fornix  x/xooi'/>/(/i'OV>  from  /ioor/  in  fiopvaaio.  (romp,  fiotjt'xoi)  ft> 
fiopryjitvoi ,  trom  qyad,  nufput^iitfU'; :  xud,  xfxaSftfyo^  ;  kfy 
hktyiiut;  (fit/,  rtt'qlfyiiui,  Lc.i  or,  as  is  usual,  changes  the  r 
souihI  into  o.  a-*  in  tdfttr,  later  form  J'oHfi» ;  and  thus  Irom  n;<i> 
produces  nt  innuui  ;  from  luO,  ktlafytiai  ;  :tii>.  n/iiouoi  ,  &c.  ? 
"^ome  one  nuiv   still    prefer  to  i>ursu«-    this   xfxi',;iih,m   (lirough 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1809.  15 

'^QQvaaM,  ttoQuGO),  ixoQvoa,  yfxo^vy.cc,  K}mQVf.(ai;  and  7Tt7Tj;(T««« 
throug-h  TTfv&oj,  ufvaw,  tnevnu,  nfnei'xa,  niirvya  and  -nt-nv^iui, ; 
as  the  Platonic  sophist  chases  his  ovtm?  ov  throiig'h  fire,  air,  earth, 
and  water,  without  discovering  the  absunhty.  On  him  we  might 
justly  impose  the  task,  of  collecting-  the  necessary  number  of  epic 
Perfects  Act.  with  their  Aspirates  and  Kappas,  in  order  to  derive 
from  them,  according  to  his  beloved  method,  such  perfects  as  the 
following,  and  the  forms  derived  from  them,  which  occur  in  innu- 
merable instances  in  Homer  and  Hesiod,  viz.  xixalv/^titui,  xf/d^ca- 
(.lai,  Xtlfi^i^iai,  WXfy^iat,  ^uiiiy(.iai,  vf'vc/njitai,  TTfnukayf^tai,  nt'iiva- 
l-iai^  m(faii4fiat,  Txiqvy^iai^p  Tieq.vluyi.iat,  n'r^a/nfiai,  rtruiiui,  rtiaX- 
f.iai,  reVi'/fttat,  &c. 

Every  person  of  discernment  must  recognise  the  merits  of  our 
present  Grammarians,  and  pay  them  the  homage  which  is  due. 
Had  they,  however,  thought  sutficiently  for  themselves,  they  would 
not  have  regarded  that  as  sacred,  which  has  not  yet  been  banished 
from  the  more  unskilful  labours  of  their  older  brethren.  Pride  or 
weakness  alone  can  delight  in  charging  with  presumption  and  rash- 
ness, one  who  is  endeavouring  to  extirpate  some  of  the  old  thorns 
and  briars  from  a  lield,  which  still  is  not  susceptible  of  cultivation 
enough,  to  produce  the  desired  fruit.  Besides,  in  all  this,  we  have 
not  considered  what  possible  sense  there  can  be  in  saying,  that  (pa 
is  changed  into  (xf.iai^  xa  into  ^tat  and  sometimes  into  a^iai.  From  (fu 
we  cannot  form  jHjtt«t,  or  from  xa,  fiat ;  still  less  af.iut.  Is  nothing 
more  intended  however  than  this,  that  fiat  is  annexed  to  the  root 
in  place  of  x«,  then  why  not  represent  the  matter  as  it  really 
is,  that  we  may  understand  the  nature  of  the  formation,  viz.  that 
this  fxat-i  the  termination  of  the  primary  tenses,  is  subjoined  to  the 
root,  in  the  Praes.  with  the  mood-vowel,  and  in  the  Perf.  without 
a  mood-vowel  ?  qevy-o-fiac,  mqevy-fiai. 

We  proceed  now  to  the  deiivation  of  the  Aor.  1.  Pass,  from 
the  3  pers.  Sing,  of  the  Perf.,  the  most  unintelligible  of  all.  Butt- 
man  has  already  abandoned  it.  Had  this  tense  been  derived  from 
the  3  pers.  Dual  Plusqpf.  izfTvqdtjv,  it  would  have  been,  to  say 
the  least,  very  convenient ;  for,  by  dropping  fr,  we  obtain  the  de- 
sired form.  But  what  contrivances  are  necessary  to  arrive  at 
TtTQanxai  from  T^e'no)  !  And  what  form  have  we  then  obtained 
analogous  to  that  of  the  Aor.  ?  By  all  these  contrivances,  we  ob- 
tain ze-TQa-n-Tuo,  which,  piece  by  piece,  must  be  moulded  into 


16  rREFAtr.  TO  Tiir.  k.ditiox  of  1809. 

the  new  form  f-tot-q-Oiiy.  In  lioth  these  forms  oflhe  Pcrf.,  viz. 
Act.  ami  Pas-.,  the  -ame  cinah>jfy  frrquently  obtains,  (n^goiTat, 
/V«'»'^'/''t)  'or  which  a  >«uiricient  reason  can  be  g'iven.  Hut  this 
analni^^y  is  by  no  nu'ans  univep«al ;  e.  ?.  x/xptrat  has  txul&riV  and 
hUo  txolfUtif  ;  Mtxhfiat,  fxAiOtjif  i\u(\  tx/.tfOiiV  ;  TitnavTut,  tnava- 
Otjf  ;  ^itftvtjtai,  ttivfiaOi^f,  xt^otjui,  t-iot,a\>tiv.  Such  Aor.  forms 
a^  these,  much  more  Imwever  tvoi9t]v  usually  derived  from  iv- 
gr)ittt,  trttjfiitrjt'  from  t-.ttjvtjTUi,  t,otOr,v  from  ijytjTtti,  and  espe- 
cially, taot'itiiv  from  f'iui,itti,  demonslrale  fully  the  independrnt 
formation  of  this  i'a>^s.  tense  also,  lb  internal  structure  will  make 
this  still  more  obvious.     Compare 

it  Iff  0  r,v  iiq  {ffitjf  ri  ffOf  /,' 

tOtiv  \ttiifV  r^ti-i     with 

tdutv  doitiv  do  IS' 

tfiitjf  rnuii,v  niu^ 

find  we  see  most  clearly,  that  the  ground-form  of  the  tense,  m 
ftiqOfii;  as  also  in  Ti(fih',noitui,  is  not  concealed  in  r^ViTiTat,  the 
;J  pfrs.  Sinir.  of  a  dilTercnt  tense,  but  that  it  is  TvqO{  ;  e.g.  nlfX' 
Or,auutti^  ground-form  ulf^Of  ;  qiXr,Or,atjiiui,  qtktjOf. 

Admitting  that  the  future  .«ignilication  was  already  denoted  by 
the  intervention  of  a  o,  nkix-o-ftut,  Tilfx-oo-fiai,  TikftOftat,  the  in- 
termediate member  {>e  was  then  introduced,  between  the  a  and 
the  root,  by  one  of  those  arrangements,  so  frequent  in  the  Greek, 
whxh  gi\e  birth  to  so  many  ground-forms;  e.g.  nh'xoiitti,  -nXtx- 
aoftui,  rtktx-Of-niiuui,  :ihi^Or,nouui.  At  the  same  lime,  from  the 
root  thus  lengthened  rrA^x,  ukfxOt,  :ili)[Oi ;  Tvn,  TVJtOi,  ivq^f, 
an  Aor.  was  fornuMl  «ithout  the  characteristic  vowel,  (§  38,)  tn- 
It'xOtiv^  tti'qPfjv.  The  same  may  be  said  of  Tt^^;;ao/^al,  ground- 
form  ji':if.  Thus  the  steps  by  which  all  the  forms  were  gradually 
obtained  are  obvious. 

1.    fi'.T.  ga\«'  birth  to /'Viroi'  tti:i6ttr,v,    Tt'tvrxa  /■r/rrrj;/*',  (la- 
ter   fiirn>»i    ii'iiqu,   iittiqfiv,)    if-ti:t-fU(i,   tt'ttnucti 
I  ifiruut,!-. 
-.   ii:tt.     ii:t    strengthened    by    i,   le.-iroj  tiv.iiuv,   ti'riTOfiat 

ttv:ituut,¥. 
li.  Tl'.T*.     Ti'.-i  with  *,  turttif,   Ti-rr/w  Jo:tt(iuui. 
4.  rv{(>.     re  J  with  a,  ri'i/'w  trvipa,  tv^iofiut,    ivi}'iuitiii>    u- 

IftfOUUI. 

''.  Ti'ni,n.     n  tt   with   o,  tvit^aoiiut. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF   1809.  17 

6.  Tvq^O^f-     rvne  with  '&  before  f,  irvq^r^}]v. 

7.  TVCf&i]G.     TVTDjG  with  d  before  6,  Tvq&ijao/iiai. 

We  may  reg-ard  it,  therefore,  as  estabUsheil,  that  the  old  deduc- 
tion-theory is  untenable  as  to  its  fundamental  principles  ;  that  the 
resemblance  between  the  forms  can  be  explained  only  by  tracing 
them  to  one  common  root ;  and,  consequentl}',  that  other  consider- 
tions  must  decide  concerning  the  formation  of  the  tenses. 

At  the  very  tirst  view,  a  diversity  of  ground-forms  present 
themselves  for  this  purpose;  e.g.  ti'tt,  rvne,  xvqi&i,  k,c.  We 
need  only  subjoin  certain  terminations  to  these  ground-forms,  e.  g. 
jimu),  Tvni'ai,  Tvq&iio,  &c.  and  we  find  ourselves  unexpectedly 
ushered  into  the  fanciful  theory  of  Hemsterhuys,  Valkenaer,  and 
Lennep,  who  have,  unfortunately,  obscured  what  was  true  and  use- 
ful in  their  principles,  by  an  unskilful  and  arbitrary  application  of 
them. 

A  little  more  reflection,  however,  will  convince  us,  that  the 
forms,  collectively,  rest  upon  a  twofold  root;  e.g.  iqaivof^r/v, 
lq:avO(it}v ;  cpavv,  qav.  },iiTiOf.i(xt,  ihnofiy^v ;  lent,  hn:  dyytlKo), 
ijyye^ov ;  uyyikX,  ayyiX:  a  long  root,  letn,  qjuiv,  uyyfXl,  which 
is  shortened  to  form  certain  tenses,  q:av,  Un,  ayyiX.  Thus,  we 
obtain  two  classes  of  ground-forms,  which,  in  some  cases,  undergo 
various  changes  in  their  vowels,  e.  g.  reiv,  rev,  rav,  rov ;  in  others, 
are  increased  by  additional  letters;  e.  g.  Xem^  letip,  lii(f&i,  Keiq,- 
•&r]a ;  and  Im,  hne,  hntja. 

These  are  the  observations,  which  have  induced  us  to  give  a 
new  shape  to  the  whole  business  of  the  formation  of  the  tenses. 
In  unfolding  the  method  itself,  these  principles  may,  perhaps,  re- 
ceive some  modification  or  assume  a  different  form.  But  no  one 
can  be  surprised  at  this,  who  realises  the  difference  between  inves- 
tigation and  instruction ;  each  of  which  must  pursue  a  peculiar 
course,  leaving  the  synthesis,  which  the  business  of  instruction 
calls  to  its  aid,  to  harmonize,  at  the  close,  with  the  analysis  ob- 
tained by  investigation.  The  grand  aim,  however,  of  the  business 
of  instruction,  must  be,  to  establish  the  independence  of  every 
form,  and  to  communicate  the  clearest  views,  on  this  subject, 
which  can  be  obtained  by  an  accurate  discrimination  of  the  forms, 
and  a  knowledge  of  their  constituent  parts. 

To  accomplish  this,  without  perplexing  the  learner  by  a  mul- 
tiplicity of  forms,  it  was  necessary,  first,  to  deduce  from  the  root 


18  PREKACt  TO  THE  EDITIOX  OP  1809. 

the  fir«t  person  only  of  everj  tense  in  Ihe  Ind.  mood.  Every  fir*t 
penon  of  ihe  Ind.  is  then  coasidered  as  compo<«ed  of  two  parts  on- 
'/»  (aufif'ment  exclmled,)  e.  g'.  kn(f,Or,aouvt,  of  hiq  and  i>»joouat ; 
and  it  i"»  reserved  for  future  instructjon  to  expose  the  more  inti- 
mate orifani/ation  of  the  form.  To  facilitate,  however,  the  busi- 
oe«"»  in  this  "tas^e,  let  the  given  clas-sitication  of  the  tenses  be  at- 
tentively considered,  an<l  the  terminations  of  the  Futures  and 
Aorisis  be  classe*!  in  their  proper  order :  .Act.  lot,  ov ;  aw,  tsa ; 
Pa«».  rjaofiat,  r,v ;  dtjaofiai,  ^n*  ;  .Mid.  fOf.iui,o^ii}v  ;  aoftui,  aaur/W. 
In  thi.s  manner,  evrry  termination  will  be  readily  annexed  to  its 
tense,  and  the  whole  doctrine  of  the  formation  of  the  tenses,  will 
be  soon  comi>rchendfd  and  easily  retained.  Previously  to  enter- 
ing' on  the  I'aradig-m,  we  have  explained  what  we  mean  by  the 
ground-form  of  the  tense,  the  mood-vowel  and  the  termination  ; 
rifTxr-o-fiai,  irvn-6-^ttiv,  rvi^-o-ftai.  After  this,  the  personal 
terminations  of  the  primary  and  secondary  tenses,  and  of  the  Im- 
perative mood,  are  particularly  enumerated.  When  the  learner 
has  a  clear  view  of  the  constituent  parts,  and  can  analyse  such  a 
form  .ns  A/Kjf  »>»;ooi'<if>»;j«  into  htq-Otia-ot-nOriVyaa  well  as  put  these 
together  aij.iin,  to  reproduce  the  form,  he  may  proceed  with  the 
minutest  parts  of  the  classification  or  conjiig'ation.  The  labour  is 
not  great.  The  whole  formation  of  the  Passive,  or  of  the  verbs 
in  ^1,  can  be  explained  in  an  hour  ;  and  then,  the  diflerent  persons 
ill  each  mood,  are  easily  and  deeply  imprinted  on  the  memory. 
To  form  MMllielirally  single  persons,  is  especially  useful  to  acquire 
skill  in  the  management  of  the  forms.  For  example,  let  the  .\or. 
'J.  Mid.  .Subj.  .J  pers.  Pliir.  of  It h to,  be  required.  The  learner  is 
directed  to  give  the  form  from  the  short  root  and -o/i»;i' ;  and, 
aware  that  for  the  moods  nothing  but  Xt:x  remains,  he  subjoins, 
first  tlir  mood-vowel  w,  and  then  the  termination  of  the  3  pen<on 
Plur.  nut,  and  gives  immediately  XhwytM.  In  the  same  manner, 
he  fornjs  Ot'on'iui,  Oi'tvTtti,  Ot'aOat,  kc.  as  far  as  we  please  to  ex- 
Icml  the  synthesis.  In  a  similar  manner,  every  form  which  pre- 
sents itself  in  rrading,  will  be  recognised  by  the  several  charac- 
teristics which  it  contains,  and  not  by  means  of  some  other  form, 
with  which  it  is  rla-^sed  in  the  Panuligm.  By  resolving  into  its 
separate  parts  the  form  ^^va(oao)VTUi,  vrut  with  m  indicates  the 
subjunctive,  a  the  Aor.,  and  the  form  can  no  longer  remain  a  mat- 
ter of  doubt.  After  separating  rrai,  o»,  a,  the  tujal  w  (o  doubled  be- 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1  809. 


Id 


fore  the  consonant  a)  is  resolved,  and  we  obtain  the  root  ;fpu<TO. 
The  language  seems  evidently  to  demand  such  a  treatment  in  re- 
gard to  the  forms,  and  I  shall  wave  for  the  future,  any  controversy 
concerning  the  adaptation  of  the  method  to  the  business  of  instruc- 
tion, leaving  the  issue  to  decide  upon  this  point. 


8i? 


^^\ 


im{f:face 


TO  THi:  i:niTioN'  of  ici.i. 


Wiiii.f  He  have  been  eng-ajjed  in  further  «lcvelo|)ine;  the  prin- 
ciples here  exhibited,  by  the  assistance  of  such  additional  lig'ht,  as 
constant  experience  in  the  business  of  instruction,  and  further  ob- 
servation have  afforded,  and  have  endeavoured  to  present  them  in 
the  elementary  books  of  our  (Jrammar,  a  new  edition  of  the  pres- 
ent tvork  has  been  demanded.  After  the  publication  of  the  Gram- 
mar, here  alluded  to,  a  new  edition  of  this  work  miorht  seem  alto- 
gether supertluuus.  The  object  of  the  (Jrammar,  however,  is  not 
to  deprive  its  predecessor  of  its  lon^  asserteil  rig-hls  ; — we  shall  be 
contented  to  see  both  tog^cther  instrumental  in  cultivating  the 
minds  of  youth.  This  method  has  been  introduced  and  used,  eren 
where  the  (Jreek  is  taught  from  rlemenlary  books,  very  different 
from  our  Grammar.  Such  ni.i\  be  the  case  for  the  future  also, 
althougli  there  is  some  inconvenience  attending  it.  Besides  being 
retaineii  where  our  work  on  (Jramm.ir  is  denied  admission,  this 
method  may  afford  pleasure  to  those,  ivho  prefer  a  distinct  tabular 
view  of  a  subject  somewhat  confused,  to  a  treatment  of  it,  involv- 
ed in  the  midst  of  other  discussions.  Finally,  that  in  this  edition, 
much  hit-  l»«'en  remlered  more  consistent  with  the  views  contained 
in  the  Graminar,  and,  as  is  hoped,  considerably  improved,  need;* 
of  course  no  excuse  on  our  part.  Meglect  on  this  score  would 
have    justly   exposed   ns   l<»  censure. 


PREPARATORY  OBSERVATIONS. 


1.     OF  THE  VOWELS  AND  CONSONANTS. 


ALPHABET, 

KaMe. 

FIGURE. 

PRONUNC. 

NAME. 

Alpha 

yi.  a. 

a  and 

aa* 

Ny 

Beta 

B.l^. 

b 

Xi 

Gamma 

r.  y. 

g 

Omikron 

Delta 

J.  d. 

d 

Pi 

Epsilon 

E.   e. 

e 

Rho 

Stigma 

^r.c. 

St 

Siprma 

Sdeta 

Z.L,. 

sd 

Tau 

Eta 

H.rf. 

ee* 

Ypsilon 

Theta 

0.  &. 

th 

Phi 

Iota 

I.    I. 

i  and 

ii* 

Chi 

Kappa 

K.  X. 

k 

Psi 

Lambda 

A.  ^. 

1 

Omega 

My 

M.  ft. 

m 

FIGURE. 

PRONimc 

N.  V. 

n 

^.  I. 

ks 

O.   o. 

6 

11.    71. 

P 

P.p. 

r 

2;  a. 

?■  s 

T.  X. 

t 

r.  V. 

y  and  yy 

0.  (f. 

ph 

X.X- 

ch 

W.    7//. 

ps 

Si.  M, 

oo 

The  letters  are  not  arranged  in  any  natural  order,  but  stand 
as  they  have  been  put  together  by  custom  and  accident.  For 
reasons  which  are  presently  stated,  we  may  class  together,  i,  t;. 
Of  0).     a,  I,  V.     71,  /?,  (f,  xp.     X,  y,  /,  %.     t,  d,  ^.     a,  g,  C.      ^>  ft,  v,  q. 


*  It  may  be  well  to  observe,  that  the  sound  of  a,  intended  by  the  author, 
is  that  of  our  a  in  father ;  of  ^  and  ?;,  that  of  the  Gerojan  e,  or  English  a  in 
fate,  f  and  >;  differing  only  in  length  ;  of  t,  that  of  the  English  e  in  see  ;  of  i',- 
that  of  the  Gernaan  ue^  or  the  French  w,  with  somewhat  more  of  the  Enghstr 
e  sound.  Hence  he  writes  .¥j/,  JV*^,  (for  Mv,  Alv)  and  gives  the  sound  of 
f.  by  the  German  y.     [Tr.J 


Of  THr.  vowti-s- 


or  '11 11.  \()\vt:i. 


^  1.  Vo-xtls  -xith  one  simple  sound,  focalu  brevis,  longa,  anceps, 
explained. 

1.  Simple  voivols  are  i,  6.  a,  «,  v.  When  repeated,  n,  oo,  act, 
II,  vv,  they  are  written  only  once.  We  may  distinsruish  them, 
however,  for  the  present  by  a  stroke  above  i,  o,  a,  t,  v. 

Note  1.  Double  t  is  written  »j ;  double  o,  c/».  Thus  *  an<l  o 
liave  their  own  appropriate  sisfns,  and  are  alway*  written  »;,  w. 
For  «,  t,  V,  hoivever,  there  are  no  appropriate  siijn<. 

2.  The  simple  vowels  are  called  short.,  [brezts);  when  doubled, 
long  (/onc^ff).     Therefore 

The  short  vowels  are  t.  o.  «,  /',  v. 

The  long  vowels  are  »;,  w,  «,  i',  v. 

Thus  a,  t,  V,  serve  to  denote  both  their  long-  and  short  sounds, 
and  are  called,  on  this  account,  ancipites^  i.  c.  haviiij;  a  twofold 
use,  as  denoting'  both  the  long  and  the  short  sounds ;  so  that  they 
appear  in  one  word  long,  in  another  short. 

(ieneritl  vies:,  i.  6,  dotibled,  give  »;,  i».  «.  t',  v.  give  a.  i',  v. 
Breves  t,  0 ;  longa;  r,,  o) ;  ancipites  o,  t,  v. 

\oTF.  2.  a,  t,  r,  are  not  therefore  doubtful  vowels,  concerning 
which  it  may  be  lioubted,  whether,  in  a  certain  word,  they  are 
long  or  short  ;  or  which  might  be,  in  the  same  word,  and  at  the 
same  time,  both  long  and  short ;  or  which  waver  between  long 
and  short  :  but  they  are  vowel-signs  of  a  twofold  nature  or  use, 
i.  c.  the  same  signs  serve  to  denote  the  single  and  repeated  sound-;. 

NoTK.  '.\.  The  long  vowels  have  no  other  origin  than  the  dupli- 
cation of  the  short  one-*.  For  ;|fr.o»\  ifyfTO.  (iifkoi,  uotjuof,  ;fpj'- 
aooatii,  write  ^jiof,  »;p/ro,  d»jAo>',  titgaoy,  ;|rpro(<moi.  If  the  same 
souikI  occurs  by  the  side  of  a  vowel  already  loii:^,  it  i«s  received 
into  tbi«,  and  lorms  one  sound,  e.  g.  ^ofOoto  yntni't.  (jilt');rai  qi- 
i.t,iut. 

iNc.TK  I.  The  •ioiimls  of  «,  r,  being  formeil  by  the  palate  and 
lip<,  in  the  front  part  of  the  nuMith,  may  be  denomitialed  front 
voweU.  Those  1)1  a,  f,  o,  beiiiij  form<'d  by  the  organs  m  the  back 
part  of  the  mouth,  may  be  called  6ac*-vowcIs. 


OF  THE  CONSONANTS.  23 

§  2.  Vowels  with  two  coalescing  sou7ids,  {Diphthongs)  ;  their 
origin. 

Diphthongs  are  formed  when  a  back-vowel,  {a,  s,  o,)  unites  it- 
self in  utterance,  with  a  froni-vowel,.(<;,  v,)  producing  one  sound. 
Thus, 

0  Ot  OV  CO  tut  0J6I 

«        ut        uv  a         at         au 

Note  1.  The  iota  behind  the  long  vowel  is  usually  placed  as 
a  point  underneath,  (iota  subscriptum.)  Thus  »i,  o),  a;  not  tjt, 
(x)t,  oil. 

Note  2.  vt  also  isfound^as  a  diphthong  ;  but  the  i  was  (in  this 
case.)  originally  pronounced  with  an  aspirate  similar  to  W,  (di- 
gamma  Aeolicum)  ;  e.  g.  vlog  was  pronounced  whios  ;  fiefdavJa., 
■meinaichia ;  vc,  consequently,  was  not,  properly  speaking,  a  Diph- 
thong. 

Note  3.  In  pronunciation,  oj  commonly  takes  the  place  of  «o, 
and  f]  the  place  of  ea  and  au.  H,  consequently,  has  a  twofold 
sound  ;  that  of  long  e,  and  of  «;,  according  as  it  proceeds  from  a 
double  f,  or  from  fa  and  ««.  In  gtAjjao),  from  (filuau),  it  has  a 
clear  solind  ;  in  qi]^ii  and  ?;//,  from  cfdu^t  and  lav^  the  sound  is 
more  obscure. 

Note  4.  ti  has  a  sound  between  e  and  t;  and  ov  has  the  sound 
of  an  obscure  o,  which  is  lost  in  the  v.  Hence  when  s  and  o  are 
protracted  in  pronouncing,  it  and  ov  are  frequently  obtained.  We 
must  accustom  ourselves  here,  at  once,  to  distinguish  between  the 
£  and  0,  protracted  in  et  and  ov,  and  the  duplication  of  these 
vowels,  ;;  and  w. 

OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 

§  3.  Kindred  Consonants.  Relation  between  the  sounds  oj  IT.,  K, 
T:     Rules  for  their  changes. 

Among  the  Consonants  are  related,  as  to  their  sounds, 

1.  n,  B,  0.  TT,  with  a  gentle  //,  or  breathing,  becomes  0 ; 
and  71  and  /?  pronounced  with  the  strong  aspirate,  become  q. 

2.  K,  r,  X.     K  and  y,  with  the  strong  aspirate,  become  ^. 

3.  T,  A,  S.     T  and  d,  with  the  strong  aspirate,  become  -5-. 


24  OF  THE  coxsoNAXia. 

Thus 

If.       -r      /?.     7-  Of  these  consonant?,  rr   x  r  are  utter. 

A  -A.     y.      y.  ed  without  any  perceptible  breathing, 

7'.        t.     d       iK  ^J  are,  lherefore>  called  Tenues.   ft*  % 

S  are  the  most  strongly  a«piraled,  for  which  reason  they  are  call- 
ed .hpirattr.  Between  the*e  two  classes,  as  to  the  strength  of  the 
aspirate,  are  found  fi  y  d,  and  are  denominated  Media.  The 
Tenues,  Media-,  and  A^pirata*,  have  therefore,  among  themsclvo?, 
in  their  respective  classes,  an  equal  strength  of  aspirate. 
Ill 
Tenuej  n         x         t 

3  2  3 

Medix  /*         /  ^ 

T  :)  :i 

Aspirala;  7  /         '** 

All  the  nine  together  are  called  .Vuies^  (MuVf,)  and  we  must 
arcu^tom  ourselves  to  regard  them  in  a  twofold  light:  first  aa 
related  in  sound,  77,  A',  'Asound"  ;  and  then  in  respect  to  the 
strength  with  which  they  are  aspirated,  Tenue?,  Mediae,  Aspiratae. 

NitTK  1.    Wiion  one  of  the  H  or  A-clas-;,  precedes  one  of  the 

T'-class,  the  termor  must  be  of  equal   strength  with  the  latter,  ia 

J I  II 

respect    to    the  aspirate.     Thus,  not   ).f).fyicti.    but  kfkfxiui  ;  not 

9  1  II  II  II 

TlTfui^rai,   but    ttntiirui  :    not    ,if.l(,f/tia,  but    ,ifiofXT(ei  ,     not 

3  1  II  I  J  -J  3 

y/ynu(frui,    but    y.'you:irut  :     not  (j«;iJo,%     but   yct^So^  ;     not  tn^ 

It  n  1  11  3  n  ;  n 

Xi%Or,v,  but  inXty^OiiP  ;  not  //.•/  ».'/»  i .  but  fhnfih^v  ,  not  fin(i,'}t;p, 

3  3 

but  fiottfOtji;  k.c. 

rS'iMT.  i.  Of  two  se|»aralci]  kspiralr*,  in  two  adjoining  syllables, 
the  first  is  f  hanged  into  its  Tenuis  ;  e.  g.  :iKf  ii.tinu,  not  (ftqiXf,xa  ; 
•Aty(Jiai»y.it,  not  yf/ntntoxu  ;   ro//o>  not  i^o/jfov- 

§  4.  The  II,  A'  anil  T-soumls,  be/ore  a  and  a.  Double  contO' 
nantt.     Semiioxiels.     I'ronuncintion  of' some  voa'c/j. 

I.  A  fl,  immediately  preceded  by  one  of  the  7r-sounds,  gives 
birth  to  a  i/»,  which  contains,  theretore,  no,  or  ^a.  or  qn.  For 
pitnoio,   toiiiaio,  yoiiifnai,  write  (iktii'io,   itjii}>oi,  ytjuti'io. 

?.  From  0,  immediately  preceded  by  a  x-sound,  proceeds  a  i, 
which  contains,  tlu'rcfore,  xo,  or  ya,  or  ya.  For  lA/xocu,  hyaio, 
iutyoio,  write  :iXti(»,  h'^to.  fiiif^m. 


OF  SYLLABLES.  \\         ^  Jtli 

\C/. ..  r 

3.  When  a  r-sound  comes  before  a  «7,  it  is  rejected.  For 
uvvTdM,  i(jfcdao),  nei&oo),  write  ai'vaw,  Ifjfioo),  Tiiiaui. 

Note  1.  For  this  reason,  i/f  and  §  are  called  double-consonants. 
Further  ;  C  is  the  sign  for  od,  and  g  for  (ir,  and  may  also  be  reck- 
oned among  the  double  consonants. 

Observe  also  the  gliding  pronunciation  of  X,  (a,  v,  q,  which,  on 
this  account,  are  denominated  Liquids.,  [Liquidie.,)  and  Semivowels, 
{Semivocales  ;)   and,  in  the  paradigm,  form  a  distinct  class  of  verbs. 

4.  A  TT-sound,  before  a  jm,  is  changed  into  jw.  For  tervixfiai, 
z(TQil3f.mi,  yfypaq/nai,  write  tixv^ifAai,  TiiQff.if.tai.,  ytygaf^tfAcct. 

5.  A  x-sound,  before  a  |tt,  is  changed  into  y  For  nenlixfiai, 
§f^(jf)[f(a(,,  write  nenhyfiai,  p^^Qiyfiao :  If'Xfyiiai,  from  ki'yoj. 
remains,  of  course,  unaltered. 

6.  A  T-sound,  before  a  |W,  is  changed  into  a.  For  ^WTf.iai', 
rjQiidf.tai,  Tjeneiitficciy  write  iji/vGfiai,,  tjQeiOfAat,,  mnfiOfAut. 

JMoTE  2.  A  T-sound,  before  another  r-sound,  is  changed  into 
a.     For  nenfi&Tai,  t(f<iid&t]v,  write  ntnitaxai,  iqfladtjv. 

Note  3.  N  before  the  ji-sounds,  also  before  ijj  and  before  ;«, 
is  pronounced  like  fx ;  but,  before  the  x-sounds,  and  before  |,  like 
y  ;  (properly  like  ng  in  hang,)  e.  g.  rov  nolifiov  xui  ttjp  ficc]^t]v 
qevyiiv,  should  be  pronounced,  torn  polemong  kai  taem  machaem 
pheugein.  The  ancient  Greeks  wrote  also,  rofi  nolffAoy  xuc  rrjfi 
fiup]v  qevyiiv.  In  the  middle  of  certain  words,  the  ft  and  y  are 
still  written  :  not  lav-l3avo),  Xcv-nuvo),  Tifqav-fiat,  neq^av-ita,  rvv- 
y^uvoi,  qvv-yut'O)  ;  but  lufn^avoi,  lif.mttvoi;,  ntqiUfifiai,  Tiiq.uyY.tt, 
Tvyj^ai'Oi),  qvyyufb). 


2.    OF  SYLLABLES  AND  ROOTS. 

OF  SYLLABLES. 

§  5.  Origin  and  extent  of  Syllables.  Multiplicity  of  Consonants 
avoided. 

1.  A  syllable  is  formed  when  a  vowel  is  uttered  alone,  or  to- 
gether with  a  consonant ;  e.  g.  6-yo),  ao-og,  f-lfi-nf. 

Note  1.  The  vowel  may  have  a  consonant  both  before  and 
after  it  ;  and  after  it,  even  a  double  consonant ;  e.  g.  firjv,  yovv, 
TV\p-oj,  y,o-Q(i(^.     When  two  other  consonants,  i,  e.  not  forming  a 


26  OF  SVLI.ABI.i:5. 

double  consonant,  come  after  the  vowel,  a  final  vo.vel  has  gener- 
ally been  dropped  ;  e.  g.  toga'  is  otyaf — llJ^^-a^. 

Note  2.  The  vowel  of  the  syllable,  besides  a  single  consonant 
preceding  it,  Diay  take  aluo  another  consonant,  viz.  a  Mute  or  a 
Liijuid  ;  e.  g.  oxai-o»%  iguv,  Oq^I-  Sometimes  a  a  followed  by  a 
M'llc  with  a  Liquid,  commences  the  syllable  ;  e.  g.  Gxi.r;oOi\  o-iA;;»', 
oqguy't'i,  argotro^',  or^aro^'. 

;\(>TE  3.  Hence  we  may  determine  the  proper  mode  of  divid- 
ing the  syllables.  This  must  be  so  retjiil.ited  that  rio  syllaLIc  close 
with  two  consonants  ;  e.  g.  noA-Aa.  t«,  dn-ru,  xov-dn',  Uf-Ogtu- 
■nwy,  dtt-io-ri-gov,  ni-ltt.  Cr>nsonaiits  which  can  commence  a 
word,  refnim  together  in  the  division  of  the  "yllablcs  ;  e.g.  ua- 
rpoiro,',  a-oipoj-TO»'  ;  ^/axXtj:Ti6g,  v/-oxA»;-;i«-o,\ 

2.  A  before  o  n  rejected.  For  aionai,  write  aiotnt  ;  for  dui- 
ftovat,  ()uifioai. 

'6.  2.' coming  between  two  consonants  is  dropped.  For  TifnA^x- 
aOot',  write  nfnXfxOov,  and  according  to  i^  3.  1.  Tjf'nlf^Ouf.  For 
yfygu(fn{>ut,  write  yfyiiuqOui. 

•I.  When  an  v  together  with  a  r-sound,  standing  before  a,  are 
rejected,  the  remaining  short  vowel  is  lengthened,  viz.  t  into  n, 
and  0  into  ov.  The  doubtful  vowels,  however,  u,  t',  i',  are  dou- 
bled, e.g.  «,  I,  v:  >;  and  lo  remain  the  same.  F'or  anfi'daio,  rin- 
701-rat,  iftiqayiai.  (ffixiiiiai,  write  anflnio.  iv:iioiai,  iniquai, 
i)ftxiiai  ,   nriiioi'ini  beci»ines  fi':i/(i>a/. 

§  6.  Lo/ii,'  and  short  syllables.  Long  syllnlles  changed  into  short 
ones. 

Wlialevcr  precedes  the  vowel,  is  not  regarded,  in  the  measure 
of  a  syllable;  but  solely  the  vowel,  and  the  consonants  which  im- 
mediately follow  it.  Thus,  in  o*Xt;u6,',  uxA  are  not  attended  to  in 
measuring  the  syllable  oxA»;,  because  they  precede  the  vowel  t;. 

1.  .\  syllable  iri  short  when  its  vowel  is  a  simple  or  short  one, 
o.  g.  /,  J,  tt,  i',  J,  and  is  followed  by  one  single  consonant  nt  the  ut- 
most;  e.  g.  *-Ai-,7oi',  6-Otr,  6,  -no-kv-qu-TOi. 

2.  \  syllable  is  long.,  I.  by  nature,  when  its  vowel  is  a  double 
one,  viz.  n  long  vowel,  i;,  w,  «,  T,  r.  or  a  diphthong;  e.  g.  :ioi- 
uy,  ij,  Ttti'-rav,  xft-viir,  atfi)(('i.  '.'.  Hy  position^  when  it  ron- 
tainn   u  t-implo    \o»vel    tVlk'«cd   by  two   consonants;  e.g.  A.'x/o>. 


OP  ROOTS.  27 

3.  A  long  syllable  originally  short,  is  shortened  again  by  re- 
jecting the  last  of  its  two  vowels  or  consonants.  Thus,  nlvnv, 
uxoviiv,  Tifiveiv,  rvnxiiv,    when  shortened,  become  Ttvfiv,  clko- 

flV,    TifiiiV,    Tvrtiiv. 

Noxr.  1.  From  C,  (••  e.  dd,)  from  n  before  a  Mute,  and  from  ;u, 
the  first  of  the  two  letters  is  always  rejected.  q^aCo),  lilma, 
qfvyo),  when  shortened,  give  (fQado),  klnco,  qvyco.  When  the 
same  letter  is  repeated,  it  is,  of  course,  a  matter  of  indifference, 
which  one  is  rejected.  (^dUeif^  uyyiXkf if , become  (jukfh,  ayyiXeiv. 

NuTK  2.  On  the  contrary,  such  syllables  as  qi,d\  ni&,  tv^,  may 
easily  be  lengthened  into  qi-id^  nii&,  tiv)^. 

Note  3.  When  ktj&fiv  becomes  },u&fip  it  is  a  sign  that  the  tj 
originated  from  «,  §  2.  J\~ote  3.  This  is  very  common  :  e.  g.  iid\ 
fit]&^  OT)],  j3>],  qt],  qrjVy  become,  when  shortened  ^dd,  fjiu&,  ara,  §a, 
qa,  qav. 

OF  ROOTS. 

§  7.  Of  twofold  roots.  Change  of  a  long  into  a  short  root .  The 
Verbs  arranged  in  three  classes  according  to  the  termination  of  the  root. 

1.  The  root  of  a  word  consists  of  the  letters  or  syllables  on 
which  the  various  forms  oi  the  word  rest :  e.  g.  XiinM,  ilnnov, 
KiinriTuij  root  Inn  :  yaki'o),  vMlioaQ  y.aliaaifii,,  root  vMXe 

2.  The  root  is  long^  when  it  consists  of  a  long  syllable  ;  or,  if 
it  be  more  than  one  syllable,  when  it  ends  with  a  long  syllable  : 
e.  g.  Tiii&,  yevov,  ^ukk,  i^eid,  ccf.<{i^,  uyytlX. 

3.  The  root  is  shorty  when  it  consists  of  a  short  syllable  ;  or,  if 
it  be  more  than  one  syllable,  when  it  ends  in  a  short  syllable  :  e.  g, 
XvTx,  qQad,  §u\,  duo,  d\o,  nfgu. 

4.  A  long  root  is  changed  into  a  short  one,  when  its  final  sylla- 
ble is  shortened  in  the  usual  manner  :  (§  6.  3.)  e.  g.  the  long  roots 
(KyyfXX,  igeid,  dxov,  aig,  tiiv&,  qQaC,  vvhen  shortened,  become 
dyyfK,  fiuid,  ccko,  d^,  nvd;  qgad. 

5.  By  subjoining  to  the  unaltered  root  an  w,  we  obtain  the  first 
Pers.  of  the  Praes.  ;  e.  g.  Xnn,  qtke,  dyytXX,  give  i.ein-M,  qt,Xt-tOf 
dyy^'Xk-(o. 

6.  A  regular  verb  must  have  a  root  which  ends  in  a  vowel,  a 
Mute  or  a  Liquid  :  e.  g.  qdt-M,  Ity-M,  ^dllo}.  If  thi^s  be  not  the 
case,  the  original  root  has  been  altered  by  the  addition  of  some 


t8  OF  ROOTS. 

letters.  It  must,  therefore,  except  in  the  Pra?8.  and  Imperf.,  be 
liberated  from  tlio<!e  letters,  and  iii  this  manner  be  reduced  to  one 
of  the  above  mentioned  cases. 

NoiK.  The  root^  which  end  in  nn.  an.l  in  C-  -"ire  yery  common. 
Of  these  termmHlions  the  former  is  iilmost  always,  the  latter  very 
iVoijiientI)-,  reducible  to  a  x  sound.  Thux,  quina,  jigunn,  lunana, 
OTH-a^,  :iuiC.  except  in  the  l'r;ps.  and  Imperf.,  become  i^hix.iiouy, 
taQuj^,  arfiux,  nuiy.     (Comp.  ^  8.  if  ) 

7.  Hence  we  obtain  three  classes  of  verbs:  I.  J^erba  pura., 
whose  root  ends  in  a  vowel.  2.  ferba  mnta,  whose  root  ends  in  a 
-Mute.     .5.  I'erba  U-juiilii,  whose  root  ends  m  a  Liquid. 

^  0.  Changes  of  the  root.  Increase  of  the  same,  .^iigintnt.  Ad* 
dition  of  various  Consonants  to  the  root. 

I.  A  root  is  increased  before,  (receives  an  Auermnnt.)  l.by 
prefixing  an  ;,  if  it  commence  with  a  consonant;  e.  g  Tmr,  tirriT ; 
hy,  thy  :  p  is  generally  doubled,  pinr,  ffj^irrr  ;  2.  il  it  commence 
with  a  vowel,  by  doubling  the  same.  Thu>  tVom 
*p.  oxf,  t'jx,  flfyf,  avduv,  ix.  i';i(Ji^.  ft,  tvy,  oixf,  aio,  ai'/  we  obtain 
r](},  i''iXf,*'i*,  lot^f.  tjvdav,  <x,  iV?/^,  r],   jyi'/,  ulxf.   t';u,   t,vy. 

3.  A  root  is  increased  behind,  (receives  a  sulH.x,)  by  the  addi- 
tion of  various  letters,  without  any  general  rule  :  e.g.  2^A,  y>,o(tax; 
(in  all  the  following  examples  the  final  consonant  of  the  root  mu:-t 
be  rpjerled)  St()t<x,  Sn^uynx.  dti^anx  :  2!\,  naft,  rtctnx  :  €tid,  utday- 
ttiay  :  2.'2.',  e,  g.  nffuy.  npuy~aa,  zioana ;  qotx,  tfoiars  ;  Z.  e.  g. 
at  mix.  aiHttxC>  orffu^:  :taiy,  rjut^. 

Xmtk  1.  When  the  root  is  increased  by  the  addition  of  f.  the 
/  of  fho  r«)0t  beromes  o  :  e.  g.  hy.  loyf  ;  qfo,  qoof.  When  t  is 
ibc  l.i>t  vnwrl  i>f  the  root,  it  is  generally  changed  into  <  :  e.  g. 
uiiK'  with  C.  ai-thC-  «i'i>/C-  This  takes  place  aUo  when  certain 
consonants  are  added  ;   e.  g.  yrr,  yfyv.  yiyv :    rex.  iixr. 

NoTK  2.  The  final  vowel  of  tli*-  root  is  tVeqiiontly  doubled,  on 
the  addition  of  a  consonant;  e.g.  {tyti  with  ox,  becomes  Oi-t,ox  jr 
(io.  ihtax.  ."Sometimes  the  first  consonant  of  the  root  is  repeated, 
Hccompnnicd  by  «  ;  e.  g.  yi-o,  ynoax. —  yiyttoax; —  t(ju.  i()0)ax, — 
iitnioax., — 

'X  .\  very  ronimon  motlio.l  of  inrre.i«ing  "liort  root«i  brhind,  i'*. 
to  introduce  »  In  lure  4ts  final  cunsonant,  and  uf  allor  it. 


ON  THE  ACTIVE  VOICE. 


Orig,  long  roots. 

Short  roots. 

Lengthened  roots. 

^tti&, 

^lad, 

ftUl'&UV, 

vd, 

ud, 

uvduv, 

Tlivd^, 

nv9, 

TTVVO^UP, 

cfivy, 

(fvy, 

(fivyyuv,* 

TtVl, 

^n> 

Tvyyav^ 

Kim, 

Km, 

Kif.iTiav,* 

Xv^ 

A«/?, 

Kct/^liuv.* 

Note  3.  From  these  lengthened  roots,  we  can  easily  obtain  the 
short  ones  on  which  they  rest ;  and  t>om  these  short  root?,  obtain 
the  original  long  ones  :  e.  g,  Ki^nav-Km-Kem. 

4.  Every  sutlix  of  this  sort  is  retained  only  in  the  Prses.  and 
Imperf.  It  vanishes,  therefore,  with  the  changes  it  has  occasion- 
ed, as  soon  as  another  tense  is  formed. 


ON  THE  ACTIVE  VOICE. 


FORMATION    OF    THE    TENSES. 

§  9.  Introduction. 

1,  In  the  Greek,  as  in  other  languages,  three  Primary  Tenses 
are  to  be  distinguished,  viz,  Praes.  Fut.  and  Perf. ;  each  of  which, 
in  respect  to  the  form,  has  connected  with  it,  a  Secondary  Tenser 
viz,  Imperf.  Aor.  and  Plusqpf.  The  Fut.,  together  with  its  secon- 
dary tense,  has  frequently  two  forms;  one  of  which  is  derived 
from  the  long,  and  the  other  from  the  short  root:  viz,  Fut.  1,  or 
the  long  Fut. ;  Aor.  1,  or  the  long  Aor. ;  Fut.  2,  or  the  short  Fut.; 
Aor.  2,  or  the  short  Aor.  Hence  we  obtain  eight  tense-forms,  in 
pairs,  of  which  each  pair  is  formed  in  a  similar  manner,  and,  con- 
sequently,  may  be  similarly  derived  from  the  root.  Their  natural 
order  is  the  following  : 

Praes.         Fut.  2,  or  short  Fut.       Fut.  1,  or  long  Fut.       Perf. 

Imperf.      Aor.  2,  or  short  Aor.       Aor.  1,  or  long  Aor,       Plujqpf. 

*  iV  before  y  and  X,  is  changed  into  y;  bgfore  n  and  ^,  into  ft  ;  accord- 
ing to  i  4.  Note  3.  (Tr.) 

5 


JO  KORMATIUM  OF  THE  TK.NSt". 

N'.rr.  All  these  forms  are  in  use  in  but  low  verbs  ;  in  many 
n  frw  only  are  found. 

2.  The  jecondary  tenses  receive  the  Augment,  but  o^jlj  in  the 
Inilirative.  The  I'erf.  also  receives  the  Augment,  and  retains  it 
in  all  the  moods.  Iljihe  I'erf.  commences  with  a  coo!>onant,  this 
consonant  is  repealed  before  the  Augment,  (Keduplicatio,)  to 
which  the  Plus(|pf.  prefixes  an  additional  n  e.g.  it'Trr,  txvm,  if- 
rvni,  trfrviii  ;  (filf,  tqiXi,  {qfqtlf)  TJfqilf  §  ^.  Note  2,  i:ifqiX{  ; 
jl^ovno,  iihvaii,  xf]((jrao,  txtxovao  ;  OiftOf.irfOf  ;  o/x*,  secondary 
tenses  and  I'erf  alxt ;  also  tkni^,  »;A;iif.  If  the  word  begins  with 
a  vowel,  followed  by  one  consonant,  the  whole  of  the  first  sylla- 
ble is  repeated  before  the  .Augment,  to  form  the  Perf.  (Keduplica- 
tio Attica)  ;  e.  g.  tond,  tot;uftd  :  «xo,  «'x>;xo. 

NoTK  1.  When  the  root  begins  with  two  consonant.*,  without  a 
Liquid,  viz.  with  ly,  i,  f .  g,  9  i>,  or  with  '/>> ,  the  Pert",  and  Plusqpf. 
recei»e  merely  an  f  for  the  Augment  :  e.  g.  y»;i-»i'  and  C»;r*  give 
only  ti>>fiid  and  t^t,Ti,  in  every  augmented  tense  whatever. 

Nt>TK  2.  We  suppose  the  learner,  therefore,  to  know  from 
which  root  each  tense  is  derived,  and  what  changes  it  undergoes. 
.Should  an  Aor.  2,  for  example,  of  Xiinw,  be  required,  the  root 
must  first  be  shortened  and  supplied  with  the  .Augment,  e.  g,  thn. 
In  the  same  jnanner,  quiv  iquv.  We  suppose  him  also,  to  be  pre- 
viously acquainted  with  the  reason,  why  0/0  makes  i\q  ;  Ttguae, 
i:iouy  ;  (fijuii,  in  the  Plusqpf.,  trxtqaad;  t><'>;ax.  in  the  Perf,  rtd- 
r«;  qOif,  in  the  Plusqpf.,  only  ttfOiv.  Nothing  then  remains  but 
to  subjoin  the  terminations.  If  he  knows  that  the  Perfect  ends  in 
in, I,  and  the  Aor.  1.  in  OiiP,  he  finds  no  ditlicully,  with  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  preceding  eight  Sections,  in  forming  from  il^irio). 
{kfknn-fttti)  Xt'knuuut.  {tlnn-t>ijv)  fAflify^tjv  ;  from  oixt'o),  uixtifiai 
and  uixti\>ijt>;  and  from  riroinaxot,   Tt'ioutucti,  iioo){ft;i-;  iiC. 

;l.  In  order  to  render  himself  fauiiliar  with  the  terminations  of 
the  .\ctive,  let  him  observe  them  in  their  proper  order. 
Pra;s.  Imperl".       Fut.  2.  .\or.  2.      Kut.l.  Aor.  1.      Perf  Plusqpf. 
-lit        -ov  -no         -Of  -am       -au  -a       -tiv 

N«iTK.  I'roperly  speaking,  we  have  here  done  with  the  lor- 
mnlionofthe  lenses.  But  the  three  classes  of  verbs  musl  be 
separately  corisidon-d,  the.  foregoing  explanations  applied,  and  the 
deviations  or  exception.s  noticed. 


FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES.  31 

§  10.      Verba  Pura. 

In  this  class  of  verbs,  the  roots  are  not  generally  shortened. 
Hence  the  Fut.  2.  and  Aor.  2.  are  not  common.  Observe  also,  that 
when  a  consonant  is  added  to  the  root,  the  final  vowel  of  the  same 
is  very  frequently  doubled,  (§  8.  2.  note  2.);  e.  g.  ^i^i^fJo,  ^/^vomoo). 
Observe  also,  that  the  Perf.  and  Plusqpf.  take  a  x  between  the 
root  and  the  termination,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  form  ;  e.  g\ 
Ti&mjKU,  {TeOiu'Avc,)  not  ri&i'cc-ci.  In  the  same  manner,  rrfqc/A^jxa, 
inKfclrjiCfiv,  &.C. 
Roots       oixe  tQvGO 

Prass.       oixi-co  ^qvgo-(o 

Imperf.  mae-ov  i-)[Qi)Go-ov 

Fut.  1.    ohri-aia  '^qvoio-gm 

Aor.  1.    wx^-ffa  i-^Qvaca-Gu 

Perf.       aI»x»;-«-«         jcf-/pi^aw-x-a 
Plusqpf.  Mii7]-i(-itv  l-Kf-iQVG(xi-Y.-fiv  i-Ti-Tif.a']-z-ft'i'    l-Ti-ri-yi-iiv 

Note.  Onlj^  when  the  root  can  be  shortened,  as  in  axovio, 
8al-(o,  some  short  tenses  are  found  in  use. 

§  11.     Verba  Muta. 

1.  When  a  (J  is  added  to  the  Mute  which  terminates  the  root 
in  this  class,  the  changes  mentioned  in  §  4.  1,2,  3,  take  place. 
In  TVTiTM,  which  is  used  for  the  Paradigm,  the  root  is  tvtt,  and  r 
is  added   to   strengthen   it.      Hence,   tvugm  rvipo),  IfyGo)  Ulo), 

Tlft^GM    TCflGO). 

2.  The  Perfect  changes  often  e  into  o  ;  e.g.  nflitw,  Titnoi&a  ; 
aspirates  frequently  the  n  and  j<  sounds  ;  e.  g.  rtrv(fa,  ninXf/a ;  and 
takes  sometimes  ihe  a  sound  in  place  of  ar  :  e.g.mnecd^-cc  TTtmina. 


Tt|t<a 

TV 

T//m-o) 

ri-0} 

i-rif.ia-ov 

t-Ti-OV 

Tl^1]-GM 

rl-  aot 

i-Tif-irj-Gce 

i-Tt-GU 

lf-Tlf.lt]-K-U 

Zt-Tl-K-tt 

Roots 

Tvn 

qivy-qivy 

n6i&-ni& 

Praes. 

TVn-TOi 

(pevy-co 

■nei^-oi 

Imperf. 

l-TVTt-Z-OV 

a-cfevy-ov 

i-nfvd^-ov 

Fut.  2. 

Tvn-iO) 

(fvy-ib) 

Tii&-io} 

Aor.  2. 

t-Tvn-ov 

i-Cfvy-ov 

i-TTlx^-OV 

Fut.  1. 

TVIp-Ol 

(fiiv'$-(f) 

■nd-Go) 

Aor.  1. 

i-TVXp-a 

e-qfv^-u 

t-nit-Gu 

Perf.  2. 

Ti-rvn-u 

nt-qivy-a 

ni-TXOl&-U 

Plusqpf.  2. 

i-Tf-Tvn-iiv 

l-nf-cfivytiv 

i-nf-Tcoi&-6iv 

Perf.  1. 

le-Tvq-a 

ne-(fiii][-a 

nt'-rxsi-n-a 

Plusqpf.  2. 

i-T£-ZV(f-llV 

i-Tlf-<fiVX-HV 

i-jit-nei-K-eip 

S2  PORMATIO?»  OF  THE  TF-.N?L«. 

Mixel  Fornis/or  exercist  in  finding  the  root. 


Prxs. 

pQtXbi 

kfho} 

Imperf. 

tpiftyov 

igvyyufor 

Fat.  2. 

qnadt'o} 

jouyHii 

Aor.  2. 

KfUudoV 

i'nouyoi/ 

Fut    I. 

anil) 

TlfUiOt 

Aor.  1. 

jjaa 

ijkrxiatt 

Perf.  2. 

h'loina 

foixa 

Plu*qpf.  2. 

thXolixnv 

t:\Kf  ginttv 

Perf.  1. 

itHtlH(f€( 

y« 

Pliisqpf.    1. 

f'y.fxoiqiiy 

tnfjjoftqut^ 

§  12.  Ferba  Liijuiila. 
The  Tenses  in  use  except  the  Prxs.  and  Imperf.,  are  formed 
from  the  short  root.  Together  with  the  forms  which  have  i  in 
the  root,  there  were  others  also  in  use  with  «,  even  in  the  Praes.; 
e.g.  juuvto  and  jt'itvio.  Others  with  «  alone;  e.g.  xuftvo).  Hence 
two  forms  of  the  Fut.  2.  are  met  with  ;  Tftu'o)  and  juut'ot,  while 
in  the  Aor.  2.  :ind  in  the  other  tenses,  «  remains.  The  long  Fut. 
i-s  usruli)'  wantm^,  and  the  long  .Aor.  ends  in  «,  doubling,  however, 
the  short  vowol  of  the  short  root,  and  lenglheuing  t  into  ti ;  e.  g. 
Jill,  triXu  ;   if).l,  tinXu. 


Roots 

qatv 

nntig 

Prxs. 

(fulf-f't 

antio-M 

Imperf. 

i'-ifuiv-uv 

t-anini-ov 

Fut.  2. 

qttt—tot 

arjug-tu) 

Aor.  2. 
Fut.  I. 
Aor.  I. 

f-qav-ov 

t-nnag-ov 

i-qtji-u 

fOrxHg-ct 

Perf. 

nt'-qttt-a 

f-n-iog-tt     al;0 

i-ajittg-Hu 

Plu»(jpf.     t- 

nt-qt]i-iiv 

i-n:iog-nv    — 

l-€7xd(J-X-itV 

Mixrd  Forms  for  rxercise. 

Prren.       fvifoulyat       xQiyto 

Kill.  1. 

Imperf.    /rr/pn 

uruv     truvov 

Aor.  I.     UiHt 

u          ii}t,iutfu 

Fut.  i.      xniiu 

'•                 It  HUM 

Perf.        fiHiora         ig  Oona 

Aor,  2.     tHijiyoy          i^,uffov 

PluS.ipf     fUfltOl 

vHv     t:ifnXixf 

NuTK  1.  lo  roots  euding  in  g  and  A,  wc  lind  sometimeb  the  Fut. 


OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


33 


1.  and  Aor.  1.  constructed  in  the  usual  manner  ;  e.  g.  ogo),  woaa ; 

Note  2.  i\",  when  it  is  the  final  consonant  of  the  root  is  omitted 
after  «*,  i,  and  v,  in  some  tenses;  e  g.  xrav,  (from  y.rfip,)  Perf, 
i'xraxa ;  x^w,  yi'ii()ii(u  ;  nkvv,  mnhmu ;  because  this  v  was  not 
originally  in  the  root.  Thus  iiii/a),  Aor.  2.  fniov ;  the  root,  there- 
fore, is  not  niv,  but  tii. 


PARADIGM. 


§13.     Of  the  Active. 


Indicat.     Primar.  tens. 
Praes.    rvnr  \  -w        etg     st       S. 
Fut.  2.  Tvnt^  -Ofifv   erov  ezov  D. 
Fut.  1.  TViij  7  ■o/nff   ere     ugi    P. 


Indicat.  Secondar.  tens. 
Imperf.  izvur  r-ov  tg  e 
Aor.  2.     tTKTT  ^  -Ofxev  itov  ir^jv 


Perf. 


Deviations. 

ug     £        S. 

arov  arov  D. 

P. 


<  -ccjiiev 
\ -auev 


a^iev  UT£    uac 


Aor. 


Deviations. 

ag      e 
■ccfxev  arov  uttjv 
-ttf.iiv  axe    ccv 


iXVlp 


\: 


■etv       fig       fc 

PlUSqpf.     iTtTVTl  /  -ilfiaV    ilTOV     iizf]V 

'fifiiv  ftre     fcaav 


Subjunct.  [terminations  as  in 
the  Primar.  tens.) 

Praes.  tvtit')  o 

A       o      '       "'*'        V^      V        ^• 
Aor.  2-  Tvn  '        j^ 

,        }  -W|M6I/  fJTOV  7]T0V  D. 

Aor.  1.  Tvw  T) 

/   1  -(a/.t€v  1JT6    0)00    r. 
Perf.  vervn  \  ^ 


Optat.  (terminations  as  in  the 
Secondar.  tens. 


-oii.it,    oig      oc 

■Olfiev    OITOV  OlTt]V 
-OlfAiV    OCXS      OllV 


Praes. 

TVTtT^ 

Fut.2. 

xvne 

Aor.  2 

.  Tvn 

Fut.  1 

TVXp 

Perf.  wryjiJ 

Aor.  1 


■  y 

.  XVlp  (-1 


Deviation. 

-(xif.10      acg  Oct 

aifiev    axov  ttixr}v 

ttifiev   aix6  ttuv 


\4 

OK  TUE  PASSIVE. 

Imperative 

Fnti. 

TVTIT  ']    -f 

t'lO} 

Aor.  i. 

Tint  1  -tiov 

HOlf 

Perf.  2 

xni'Tx  [  HI 

tiotaav 

I'erf.  1. 

Tili(f  j    -Of 

Dcviatioo. 

6viU)¥ 

Aor.  1 


]  'Ov  aro) 

•         'UTOv  aro)v 

*   [  -uif  utotauv 

J        or  uvTUiv 

Participles. 
PrjBS.     Tti;ir  -Mv     una     ov  Aor.  J. 

Fut.  2.    Tvnt  -uiv     uaa     ov  Fut.  1. 

Deviations. 
Aor.  I.         Tt'i/>      -ug         ana 
Perf.  2.       T^riTi 
Perf.  1 .       TiTvq, 


Infinitive. 
Praw.       mvT')  -iiv 
Fut.  2.      rent  1  -ftv 
Aor.  2.        Ttn  (  -<?!' 
Fut.  1.        Tig;  J  -*»»' 

Deviation. 
Aor.  1.        Tvxff  -«* 
Porf.  2.  TiTin  (     . 
Perf.  l.T*rr(;r*'*' 


Tl'JI    -OIV       «ffO       O*- 

rt  u^  •o)v     ttaa     o* 


-CiJ,' 


t'ta 


Prses. 
Fut.  2. 
Fut.  I. 
Fut.  2.  M. 
Fut.  1.  M. 
Fut.  3. 


^    14. 
Indicat. 

Tiinr,n 


Of  the  Passivt. 
Primar.  tenses. 


•Ofiai  r,  frai 

■OfitOov     fnxfov     taOov 
-o^tOa       fnOf        orrat 


Tvnf 

rtTvifiJ 
Forms  of  the  Perfect  tvithout  the  characteristic  vo'jcel. 

q-\>ov  q-{fov 

q-Of 
SeconJar.  tenses. 
■6^r,v         ov  fTO 

•ofifOov     eaOov     ta&t,v 
-oufOtt       fa{tf       ovTO 
au>,v  u)  aro  uitiOov  aoxfov  uoOr,v,  i:c. 
I'luMipf. 

ll-TO 

triTV  <^-ft-f*Kfov         tf-xTop  q~Otjp 


r-H-ftui 

Tt'lV  I  -ft-flfOov 

\  -ii-^itOa 
Intlicnt. 

Import".  ttvnr 

Aor.  J.  M.  iivrt 


Aor.  I.M. 


fill/' 


'riTV  l-ft-f*f<*ov  q-9ot> 

{•ft-ufOa  q-Oe 


OF  THE  PASSIVE. 


35 


Subjunct.     {termination  of  prim,  tense.) 
Praes.  tvtiv~\  -b)f.iat  >/  tjtui, 

Aor.  2.  M.      TV71  > -o)f.ie&ov     i]a&ov    tja&ov 
Aor.  1.  M.     TVipJ  -(Of.if{ta       7]a&e       (ovrat 


Optat.     {termination  of  sec 

ondar.  tense.) 

Praes.             rvm  ^ 

Fut.  2.         Tvnija 

Fut.  1.      Tvq&r/a 

-olf^lTjV 

010               OlOTO 

Fut.  2.  M.      TVTie 

-OtfAl&OV 

oiadov    oIg&}]v 

Aor.  2.  M.       TV71 

-olf.ie&u 

0C<J&6         OIVTO 

Fut.  1.  M.      zvi/; 

Fut.  3.         Tervif)  > 

Aor.  1.  M.      xvxp. 

-aliLirju 

CCtO             UtTO        I 

Note.  Forms  without  the  characteristic  vowel  cannot  be  con- 
structed in  the  Subjunct.  and  Optat. 


Imperative. 

Infinitive. 

Praes.         rvnr  (""^ 
Aor.2.M.z.J-^^f 

tO&MV 

Praes.            rvrcr' 
Fut.  2.        rvmjG 

ioS^ataav 

Fut.  1.     rvcp&i^a 

Aor.  1.  M.    Tirip    -«fc 

UG&M  kc. 

Fut.  2  M.     rvm 
Aor.  2.  M.     rvTi 

>  -la&ai 

(-jpo 
Perf.           rnv  \  -cp&ov 

<f{ttO 

Fut.  1.  M.     rvip 

q.ifiov 

Fut.  3.        rervxp. 

(f.'&MGaV 

Aor.  1.  M.      Tvx})      -ua&at 

Perf.              zfTi; 

-<f&ttt 

rvnr 
Fut.  2.  rvnfjG 
Fut.  1.  rv(fi&r](j 
Fut.  2.  M.  ryjif 

Perf. 


Participles. 

Aor.  2.  M.    Tivji-^ 
Fut.  1 .  M.    rvxp  i  -ofievog     »;   oj/ 
Fut.  2.       rervipJ 
Aor.  2.  M.  Tui//      -ttf^evos  rj    ov 
ztxv   fji-(4tvog     rj     ov 


Ofievog  T]  ov 


36 

CONJUGATION  OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


^  In.  General  observations.  The  three  parts  in  every  person 
distinguished. 

When  a  tense  is  fully  formed,  *ve  regard  as  its  Ground-form, 
what  precedei  the  final  vowel.  Of  the  Fut.  1.  rri/>-co,  the  Ground- 
form  is  u'l/s  which  remains,  throughout  this  tense,  unaltered.  Of 
the  .\or.  iJ.,  however,  the  Grouud-form  is  nn  ;  in  the  Ind.  *riTi, 
with  the  Augment. 

To  this  root  is  annexed,  in  every  Mood  and  I'er»on.  a  vowel, 
which  we  call  the  Mood-vo-juel^  or  characteristic  vowel  of  the 
ftlood,  hecause  it  serves  principally,  to  determine  the  Mood. 

Finully,  the  Terminations  are  sul>joined  to  the  Mood-vowel. 

in  every  tbrm,  therefore,  these  three  parts  must  be  accurately 
distinguished,  \i7.,  GrounJ-fortn.  Mood-vouel.,  nnd  Termination.  The 
first  determines  the  tense  ;  the  second,  the  mood  ;  and  the  third, 
the  person. 

Tlie  Mood-vowel  of  the  Ind.,  Act.,  and  Pass.,  throughout  the 
whole  conjugation,  some  tenses  cxrepted,  is,  in  the  three  first  per- 
sons of  earh  number  and  in  the  ;i  Plur.,  an  o  ;  in  all  the  rest  an  i ; 
e.g.  Sing.  I.  Ti'nr-o  -.  iini-f  3.  Tirtr-i.  Dual  1.  ivnt-o  2. 
Tvm-i  ;>.  ivrti-f   Plur.  1.  rr.Tr-o  i.  iv:ir-f  3.  rvni-o. 

^16.   Conjugation  of'  the  Primary  tenses  in  the  Indicative. 

The  Terminations  of  the  Primary  tenses  in  the  Ind.  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

Teiminationt  alone.  With  the  Mood-vowel.      M.vow.  &  term,  united. 

S.   -o         -<v         -I  o-u        f-i-i        t-i  -Ui  -Hi      -fl 

D.  -ftfy    -lov    -lof  o-iifv   f-Ti)p    f-tov         -ofiiv  -trov  -trov 

F.    -^fV    -It         -I'JOJ  O-ftlP    f-Tf         O-VTfit  -oitfr    -tit       -ovtn 

Conjugation. 

Pra*».    rvTTi^  -(<»         h^;     ft  ( -ct  oc  t 

V\J\.  2.  tint  .  -iiufv     trot'  frnv        Vvrf.    lum  ,  -duiv  cnov  aioi' 

Fut.  I.   Ti'i/i  J  -ntuf    tif     01  ot  l-uun'  €11  f  uai 

NoTi  1.  In  the  '.\  per<.  Plur.,  vi  Itofore  a  are  rejected,  and  o 
become*  «.  ^  5.  1.  The  «  in  the  IN-rf.  is  lengthened,  i/ri-.inur, 
because  VI  is  dropped. 


COXJUGATION  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE.  Vi  "^    "^ '   '     '     "  ^^7 

Note  2.  The  Perf.  takes  for  the  Mood-vowel,  an  «,  but  is  ir- 
reguhir  in  the  Sing. 

The  grand  and  never  failing  distinction  between  the  primary 
and  secondary  tenses  is  this  ;  that  the  primary  tenses  have  the  3. 
per*.  Dual  uniformly  short  {-top)  ;  the  secondary  tenses,  on  the 
contrary,  long  {-rtjv) ;  and,  that  the  3,  pers.  Plur.,  in  the  former, 
ends  in  vrai ;  in  the  latter,  in  v. 

§  17.   Conjugation  of  the  Secondary  teiises  in  the  Indicative. 

The  Terminations,  which  are  subjoined  to  the  Mood-vowel,  in 
the  Secondary  tenses  of  the  Indicative,  are 
Terminat.  alone.         Term,  and  M.  vow.       •  Conjugation. 

S.  ^     -g     -        -ov     -tg     -e  ,         r-ov      fg      f 

D.  -|Hf f  -TOV  -TiJV    -0/.teP  -fTOV  -et1]V    .     ^    ^  "  ^\y^^  \   -Of^llV  ITOV  lTr,V 

P. -|t<ff -r;    -V       -o^fv -ns    -ov  ^-Oftiv  izt    ov 

Note  1.  The  Aor.  1.  takes,  for  the  Mood-vowel,  an  «,  and 
proceeds  in  the  Sing,  like  the  Perf. 

Note  2.  The  Plusqpf,  takes  for  the  ]\Iood-vowel,  ft,  and  ter- 
minates the  3  pers.  Plur.  in  eiaav  and  foccv. 

C-a         ag       e  ,       »     i  ~^^^     *'^     ^^ 

Aor.  1.   ivvip  l-cc/iifv  arov  ttTt]v  Flusqpf.  tifTvn  ^-fififv {itov lirr^v 
(-ajM^f  an     av  ( -iti^Kv  ens  eiaav 

or  e<yap 

§  18.   Conjugation  of  the  Subjimctiiie. 
In  the  Subjunctive,  the  long  vowels  o)  >;,  in  place  of  the  short 
ones  0  f,  are  annexed  to  the  root,  for  Mood-vowels,  and  to  these 
the  Terminations  of  the  Primary  tenses  are  subjoined. 

Mood.  V.  and  Ternn.  Mood.  v.  and  Term,  united. 

S.     o)-o         ^]-ig        r,-t  -0)  -tjg  -7] 

D.     0}-fi£P     t]-T0v      r^-rov  -o)fiev        -7;tov         -t]rov 

P.        0}-fieV       7]-Tf  lO-VTGO  -bJf-lfV  ~71T£  -tOffi 

Conjugation. 
Praes.         zvm  ~\ 

Aor.  2.         Tvn    j  -w  >;$  tj 

Aor.  1.        Ti'i/>    \-M(-iiv       »;roj/        t]TOv 
Perf.  2.    wruTi    |  -o)Hfv        tje  ftiff-. 

Perf.  1.  xfTV(f}   I 
6 


:i8 


IXKIXITIVF.  AND  PARTICIPLK. 


Note.  The  Secondary-  tenses  of  the  Prtes.  and  Perf.  (Impert. 
and  Plunqpf.)  have  no  appropriate  forms,  except  in  the  IndicatiTC. 
The  Futures  also,  have  no  Suhjunctive  or  Imperative. 

^  19.      Conjugalion  of  t lie  Optative. 
The  Optative  lake^,  for  its  Mood-vowel,  ot,  and  in  the  Aor.  1. 
«<.      The  terminations  are,    in  the  I  pers.  Sing,  itt,  in  the  3  Phir. 
ty ;  the  other  persons  follow  the  analogy  of  the  Secondary  tense?. 
S.  -oiui       -nig       -ot 

T).-THIlfP       -OlTOr    -01J1,V 

P.  -oiuiv     -out      ^nttv 


Aor.  I.  -itiui  -uig  -ui   ^C. 


Prtps. 

rrar  ^ 

Fut.  2. 

Tint 

Aor.  '2. 

Tj'n 

Fut.  1. 

Try; 

Perf  2 

TtTVTJ 

Perf.  I 

Tfir(f 

-oifti    otg       ot, 
-oiftfy  otTOv   oiir^v 

-OlUfV   Ollf         OIH' 


Perf.  2.    r/rr.-r    |     -i-rf 
Perf.  1.    Tf'tra    J 


§  20.      Conjugation  of  the  linpcniti-cc. 

The  Imporative,  which  in  every  Numher  ha«  only  the  2d  and 
3d  pers.,  takejj,  for  its  Mood-vowel,  uniformly  an  ;,  and  suhjoins 
to  this,  in  the  Sing.  2.  -{it,  ;>.  jm  ;  Dual  2.  -tov,  3.  -Tb)v  Plur.  2. 
-rf,  3.  TCijoui',  (irregularly  oviinv  without  the  Mood-vowel.)  -Ot. 
however,  is  usually  dropped  ;  e.g.  ivmi  for  iv:jiiOt. 
Conjugation. 
Prxs.  Tt:iT  ~|     -/  t'-TO) 

.•\or.  2.  rr.r    j     -f-roi'  i-TUi¥ 

t-Toiaap 
■If    J  or         -oi'Tiov 

iN<pit.  The  .\or.  1.  retains  here,  as  in  all  the  Moods,  the  Sub- 
junctive excepted,  its  Mood-vowel  a,  but  terminates  the  2  per?. 
Sing,  in  or  ;  e.  g. 

rvifi  -ov  ri'V  -aiov  iv\\>  -itjf 

-artti  -uro»p  -uiiontiv     -uiiioy 

1^  21       Of  ill r  Injiniliie  and  Participle. 

I.  The  liifmilivo*  teiniinate,  the  Mood-vowel  inrjiided.  in  m 
The  .Aor.  I.,  however,  ends  m  ni,  e.g.  rvif'-at ;  and  the  Pert",  in 
(fat,  e.  g.  Tuvn-fiat. 

i.  The  Participles  end,  the  rhararttrislir  vowel  included,  in 
wv  lor  the  Muse,   uiou  for  the   Feo*.,  and  ov  for  the  Neuter  ;  ex- 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE.  39 

cept  the  Aor.  1.,  which  ends  in  «^,  a<Ju,  uv ;  and  the  Perf.  which 

ends  in  tag,  v7a,  6g.     Thus 

Praes. 


Praes.    tvtit  ^ 

Fut.  2.  TVT16     I 


Aor.  1. 

rvip 

-ag 

aaa 

fXV 

Perf. 

TlTVn 

-ujg 

via 

6g 

,  -lov  ovau  ov 
Aor.  2.  TU7T 

Fut.    1.    TVXp    J 

Note.     The  Aor.  2.  has  the  accent,  both  in  the  Infinitive  and 
Participle  on  the  last  syllable  ;  e.  g.  tvjimv  ouoa  df,  Inf.  rvneJv. 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE. 

1.  Derivation  of  the  Tenses. 

If  the  Paragraphs  on  the  letters  and  syllables,  are  fresh  in  the 
memory,  the  learner  will  tind  no  difficulty  in  comprehending,  in 
its  whole  extent,  the  Greek  Passive  ;  which,  indeed,  must  not  be 
regarded  as  a  confused  and  arbitrary  mass  of  intlexions,  but  as  a 
noble  and  inimitable  master-piece,  and  worthy,  on  account  of  the 
euphony  and  perfection  of  its  forms,  of  the  highest  degree  of  at- 
tention and  admiration. 

The  Praes.  Perf  and  Plusqpf.  have  each  one  tense-form,  the 
Futt.  and  Aorr.  have  each  two,  making  in  all  twelve  tense-forms. 
The  Futt.  and  Aorr.  require  a  separate  consideration.  We  com- 
mence with  the  four  first-mentioned  tenses. 

§  22.     Formation  of  the  Prws.  hnperf  Perf.  and  Plusqpf. 
The  Primary  tenses  of  the  Pass,  end  in  -jt<«t,  and  the  Seconda- 
ry tenses,  in  -f.n]v ;  which  terminations  are  preceded  by  the  Mood- 
vowel  0  ,•  in  the  Perf  and  Plusqpf,  however,  they  are   subjoined 
immediately  to  the  root. 

Verba  Pura.  Verba  Muta.  Verba  Liquida. 

Root         o/xf  Afy  5fAA-g«A 

Praes.        oiKt-o-f.iav  Kty-o-fiai  gt'XX-o-fxat 

Imperf     ojxf-o-fiy^v  ikfy-6-fir]p  ig£Xk-6-fxr,v 

Perf         (oxt]-fAui  §8.1.      XtXty-fiuo  J'5«A-jM«t  §  12. 

Plusqpf.    u}Kr,-f.u,v  ihkty-fji.t)v  i<;<xl-fir]v 


lu 


U.N  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE- 


NoTE  I.     For  the  changes  which  the   Mutes  or  n  k  T-9oand« 
UDdergo,  see  §  4,  and  the  several  examjjies  there  given  ;  e.  g. 
Pras.  Pert"  Pneo.  Perf. 

ruTrroj  (rrn)  invfiuai         arfraC^i  (oifyax)        tarn-w/uui 

tvj^o^iut,  t;vyuui  quu^o)  {qoud)  TUqyanuut 

qiidbt  ntqfttftiai         layuanoi  (rapajr)       Tituuuyuui 

Note  2.  Wheo  the  root  ha^^  an  *,  it  assumes  Irequently,  in  place 
of  this  (,  an  o;  c.  g.  aiftiqoi,  iarauuitut. 

Note  J.  The  a,  before  the  termination  -uut,  is  found  also  in 
many  of  the  rerba  Pura^  for  the  purpose  of  strensjlhening  the 
form:  e.g.  uxoioi,  r,xovanui  ;  /oito  xr/gtouat ;  jfhoj  zntlfOftui. 
Note  I.  .\,  when  it  is  the  final  cotisoiiaiit  of  the  root,  after  it 
I  I',  is  rejected  in  the  long  tense-forms  of  the  Pass.  :  e.  g.  xfjtib), 
vtxptftai.  §  12.  Note  2. 

Note  5.   /-Jv  in  the   root   is  generally  shortened:    e.g.  ifi';fw, 
inv/ftttii  qn'yo),  :itqiyuui. 

^  2.3.      Formation  of  the  Futures  and  .ioruts. 
In  the  second  Futures  and  Aorists,  and  in  the  Ferba  Liquidu  in 
ill  the  form;;,  the  root  mu>l  lie  shortened.    The  Terminations  are 

Ferba  Purn, 


OlXt) 

XQi'OO 

F'ut.  2            -t;nouut 

wanting 

wanting 

\or.  2.         -;,.• 

wanting 

wanting 

Fut.  1.          -xh,ni>iitit 

oixr,-Ot',aouai 

Xovaio-Ofjaofiai 

.\or.  I.         -{t>if 

01 X  »;-»'>»/•» 

tygvoio-^tiv 

(with  the  jihort  root) 

Fut.  2.  M.    -fuuui 
.^or.  2.  M.    -nittjv 
(with  the  long  root 

) 

qdf 

riuu 

Fut    1 .  M.    -aofiui 

qikt;-(Jouui 

Tittt,-aoitt(t 

Aor.  1.  M.    -aaufjv 

eqtXt;-att^r,p 

tTiur,-aufir,v 

Ferba  Mitta. 

Ferba  Luptida. 

Short  root«     n'.-i 

9 

»T 

q  UP 

ngiv 

Fut.  2.      TrTfj-aouat 

9' 

d,j 

cioiiut          qu%—t,ooftut      xpif-'.Touot 

Aor.  2.     irvn-rtv 

'9 

.'*- 

'?»' 

tqav-r,w 

t*uiv~r,¥ 

Long  roots     n'-i 

qnd 

Fut.  I.     tiHf-flt'jaonut 

<f* 

la- 

■flrffiouttt      qut-Ot\n 

ofttti   xgi-Ot',aoft(ii 

\or.  I.      ri\q-0\v 

ff 

fl<\ 

t-,%, 

,p             f  qui- Or, 

1'          txni-{>  fjv 

ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE.  41 

Ferba  Muta.  Verba  Liquida. 

Short  roots     rvn  rv^  rfv  fr.  tiivm     qaK  fr.  g;AAw 

Fut.  2.  M.  rvn-t'oi-iai      xvi-to^iav  Tfv-io^iui  guk-t'ofxoct 

Aor.2.M.  iTi<n-6f.ojv     irvx-6f.ttjv  iTev-6/.tfjv         iquX-6f.ii]v 

Long  roots      tuti  rmx 

Fut.  1.  M.   TVipofittt      Tivi.o^ia.t        wanting,  as  in  the  Act.,  and  the 
Aor.l.M.  irvi^iu(.n]v    hev'£.dfi7iv  Aor.  follows  the  analogy  of 

the  Act.  igti^cc   ig{i?Mf.it]V. 

Note  1.  The  four  last  tenses  of  each  class  are  marked  with 
3f,  {tempora  Medii),  on  account  of  the  Middle  signification  of  their 
Aorists. 

Note  2.  The  completed  Future,  Futurum  exactum  vel  perfectum, 
receives  the  Augment  as  in  the  Perf.  and  the  Terminations  as  in 
Fut.  1.;  e.g.  }.fi7T,  KildxpOficv,  relictus  ero;  tvtit,  nrvxpoi-iai ; 
unara,  7]naTit]aof.ittt. 

Note  3.  It  is  obvious,  that  the  given  Terminations,  both  the 
Aorists  Pass,  excepted,  contain  the  Terminations  properly  so  call- 
ed -fiui  -fitj^}  the  Mood-vowel  o,  and  also  the  intermediate  mem- 
ber, which  comes  between  the  Mood-vowel  and  the  root:  e.g. 
Tvq)&r'jaofiat,  contains  xvn-&i-a-o-fAai,  and  consequently,  the  mem- 
ber or  syllable  d^f  more  than  zvn-a-o-^ut ;  xvn-e-OfAai  with  a  a 
gives  Tvni-G-oi.iao  rvurjooi-iat. 

2.  Conjugation. 

§  24.    Conjugation  of  the  Indicative. 

The  Aor.  2.  in  -r/V,  and  the  Aor.  1.  in  -&f]v,  must  be  separated 
from  the  other  forms,  as  they  belong  to  another  Conjugation,  viz. 
of  the  verbs  in  -fn,  to  which  they  form  the  transition.  The  Mood- 
vowel  is,  throughout,  the  same  as  in  the  Act.  In  the  Perf,,  how- 
ever, it  is  wanting  in  all  the  Moods,  and  the  Terminations  are 
subjoined  immediately  to  the  root.  The  terminations  are,  in  the 
Primary  tenses 

TermiaatioDS  alone.  With  the  Mood-vowel. 

S.    -|Uat         -aat         -rat  -Ofiuo         -eaut         -ixat 

D,  -fif&ov    -a&ov      -ad^ov  -ojni&ov    -fo&ov      -tod^ov 

P.   -fii&a      ~0&£        -vxcti  -ofif&a      -io&e        -ovxat 

Note.     From  the  2  pers.  Sing,  -{(tui,  when  it  has  the  Mood- 


42 


0>   THF.  FASSIVL  VOICr. 


Uttl    tTC. 


vowel  (therefore  not  in  the  Perf.  and  Plu^ipf.)  the  a  is  rejected, 
in  every  Tcn«ie  and  .Mood,  and  the  remaining  vowels  contracted  ; 
c.  g.  -taut  -fttt  -t,t  -t,. 

In  this  manner  may  f»e  conjugated 

Pra-s.  rinr 

Fut.  X.  rt-nt'ja 

Fut.  1.        tt'qUf'jn 

Fut.  2.  M.         I  in* 

Fut.  1.  M.  rrtfi 

Fut.  3.  T*rri/»   J 

There  rcmaiDS  yet  the  Conjugation  of  the  Perfect. 

1.   In  the  Verba  Pura. 
In  thu  class  of  verbs,  the  Terminations  follow  upon   the   final 
vowel  of  the  root,  and  occasion   no    mulliplication    of  Consonants. 
Hence  the  Conjugation   proceeds  without   interruption,   e.  g.  from 
qtkt'oi  we  obtain  in  the  Perf.  Pass. 
i  -iiitt 

t-fuOu 

I'erha  .Muta. 
Ill  liii<  cl.ixo,  the  Terminations  being  subjoined  immediately  to 
the  root,  whose    final    letter   is  a  Mute,  a  mullijilication  of  Conso- 
nants i^  occasioned,  which  must  be  obvi.ited   in  the  manner  above 
described.     \'i(l.  ^  .i.  4  and  6.  ;   e.  g. 


nai 

rut 

o{*ov 

alUtv 

nlff 

VI  ut 

Tttvn-fifOotf 
fi-fiffla 


Titvn-aui 


tlTV:X-TOt 

:i-Tai 
ini'TX-aOoif 
q-&Of 
(r/rrn-iToi) 


TfTin-aOo* 
q-Oo¥ 

7  -  Of 

Norr.  The  persons  of  the  Perf.  and  Plii«(||il'.,  which  cannot 
be  formed  rrgulnrly,  are  I'ormod,  as  in  Latin,  by  means  of  the 
Partir.iple  and  the  .Siixiliary  t'nat;  e.g.  3  pers.  Plur.  Perf.  rnvft- 
fttfOt  */n/.  verberuti  sunt;  3  per«.  Plur.  Plusqpf.  rnvfifuroi  t^aaf  : 
Si)i>jijiirt.  ifiiiiiifn.^'   (.T    .  ,•    I       ()[ii    ifiinitfti.^f'iii    .>/»,c  firj,  Lc. 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE,  43 

kt'Xfy-ficci  li},ty-nav  IfKiY-roti 

t.-Ul  H-Tttt 

Xelfy-fAt&oi-  XfXfy-o&ov  liXfy-a{fov 

y-&oi>  y-dov 

y^-xtov  y-dov 

?i.fkfy-f.i{&a  ke}.fy-G\}f  liXfy-vzut 

y-df 
y-de 
In  the  same  manner,  {nfnfiO^-fiai)  7it'nfia-^mi,  {Titmid-oac) 
TiiJiii-aai,  (nfnitd^-Tat)  TTt'nfio-Tai.  From  cf()uCo)  (root  qQad) 
we  obtain  {7ii<f^adf.iai)  ixi<fQacif.iai,{TxtcpQadr)ai,)  Txe'q()a.(yai,[nfq(jad- 
Tut)  ntqQaoTut.  If  we  endeavour  to  avoid  the  multiplication  of 
consonants  in  the  3  Plur.,  by  rejecting  v,  we  obtain  the  3  pers. 
Sing,  again.     This  Pers,,  therefore,  cannot  be  regularly  formed. 

The  Verba  Liquida  occasion  no  difficulty  ;  e.  g,  igt'llo),  it;u^f.iai, 
(gakotti,  igaXrai,  igoiliufd^ov,  (egaka&ov)  tgal&ov,  &c.  In  this 
class  alone,  v  in  the  2  Sing,  before  a,  remams  ;  e.g.  quii'^  qui', 
nf-qttv-f.(tti,  ni'qaiii^tai,  -ntqav-aai,  &c. 

The  terminations  of  the  Secondary  Tenses  in  the  Indie,  are, 

Terminat.  aione.  With  the  Mood-vowel, 

-/o;!/         -GO         -10  -0{jir]v       -eoo         -tro 

-(li&ov     -6&0V     -a&Tiv  -of.ifi}ov  -tadov    -ia&i]v 

-{.li&tt       -G&f       -VTO  -ofAfdu     -eads      -ovro 

Note  1.  The  Aor.  1.  M.  takes,  for  its  mood-vowel,  an  «;  e.g. 
-ttf.ir}v     -uoo     -axo,  &c. 

Note  2.    By  dropping  the  (t,  in  the  2  pers.  Sing.,  too  becomes 
fo  -ov ;  and  aoo,  ao  -o). 
Imperf.     irvm 


A        o  T»,T    '        r  -outjii  «  f ro,  S:c.  Aor.  1,  tzvxLi-uutiv  o)  «zo,  &c, 
Aor.  2.  iVl.  tTVTi  I      '    '  ^  T     1    (  7 

The  Plusqpf.  sufTers  the  same  changes  as  the  Perf.,  and  for  the 
same  reasons  ;  e.  g  infqiXy]i^iy]v,  iirfqiktjoo,  insqihjro,  &c.  with- 
out any  difficulty  on  the  score  of  the  consonants.  But  iziTV7i-f.i7]v 
gives  hfTv^i-fjiriv ;  hervn-no,  hirvilio,  &c. 

Note  3.  In  the  Pass,  also,  the  Primary  tenses  are  distinguished 
from  the  Secondary,  by  the  3  Pers.  Dual  and  Plur,  ;  e.g.  Primary 
tenses  -a&oi>i  Secondary  tenses  -o&}]i'.  Primar.  tenses  -i/t«*,  Se- 
condary tenses  -vto.  This  distinction  should  be  particularly  at- 
tended to. 


44  ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE. 

§  25.     Conjugation  of  the  Subjunctive. 

The  Mood-vowels  are,  as  io  the  Act.,  in  and  »<,  and  the  termi- 
nations are  those  of  tbe  Primary  tenses. 

.Mood>T.  and  Termioat. 
-ofitat        -tjaai        -r,iai  Pries.  ri  it  \ 

-oi^fflov  -r)o9ov~  -tiaOov         Aor.  2.  M.   iv:x\  -oi^ot   »,   tjut  iic 
-bifU^u     -r,a&i       -onzai  Aor.  1.  M.  tvi^'J 

Note  1.  By  rejecting  n,  in  the  2  pers.  Sing,  we  have  t;ai,  »;<,  >,. 

Note  2.  The  other  Aorists  in  -r,v  and  -t>>;i',  as  has  been  ob- 
served above,  do  not  belong  to  the  Conjugation  ;  and  of  course,  do 
not  come  at  present  under  consideration.  The  Imperf.  and 
Plusqpf.  have  no  other  Mood  but  the  lodicat.  The  Futt.  Subj. 
are  wanting,  as  in  the  .\ct.  The  Perf  cannot  form  a  Subjunctive, 
because  the  difference  between  this  Mood  and  the  Indicative,  ccn- 
sists  in  the  lenglhoning  of  the  characteristic  vowel,  which  tails  in 
the  Perfect.  When  such  forms  of  the  verba  pura  as  ciIx»;ol>oi . 
niqilolyxtti,  occur,  they  have  the  characteristic  vowel  and  suffer 
a  contraction. 

^  26.      Conjugation  of  the  Optative. 

The  Optative  takes  here  also  its  Mood-vowel  o<,  and  the  ter- 
minations of  the  secotulary  tense*. 

Mood-v.  and  Tcrminat. 
-otur,p       -otao       -oiio          Prxs.  it'nr  ^ 

-oiuiOuf   -otaOov  -otaihjv    Fut.  2.       Tin»;(l 
-oittfOtt     -oiOi       -oii'TO        Fut.  1.    TvcfOrio 

Fut.  2.  M.    Tvni    \ -oi^ir,v  oio  otro  ice 
Aor.  2.  M.     rt,T 
Aor.l.M.  TrV'-«/«»,i'a/o  oao  Fut.  I.M.     rii^ 
A:c.  Flit.  3.       Iff  Lift  J 

NoTK  1.  The  .\or.  I.  M.  takes  bore  al.*o  its  at. 

Note  2.  In  the  2  pers.  Smg.,  the  n  is  dropped,  and  no  larlber 
change  takes  place. 

NoTK.  3.  In  tbi<'  Mood  also,  the  I'erf.  cannot  be  formed,  because 
the  Mood-vowel  fails.  In  the  Attic  dialect,  however,  some  of  the 
vrrba  pura,  to  form  the  Optat.,  receive  an  t  bet»vcen  the  root  and 
the  Termination  ;  e.  t^.  {nfqilti-t-iit;v)  Tiiqilt\ur,i-,  {:jfqtk»j-i-ao 
iitqiktiou)  :tfqiXi',o,  4:c.  and  this  t  disappears  entirely  when  il  can- 
not be  subscribeil ;  c.  g.  {hXiiiitjr)  liXruiiv  :  which,  however, 
properly  speaking,  should  be  written  ltkviut,f,  Xikilo,  Stc. 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE. 


45 


§  27.     Imperative. 

The  Mood-vowel  is  here  also  an  f.     The  Terminations  are 
Alone.  With  the  M. -vowel. 

-GO  -ai^o)  -600  -fffiJoi 

-a&ov      -a&cuv  -la&ov        -fo&ojv 

-G&e         -oOcoaav  -iGi^i  -io&oiaav 

Note.  After  rejecting  o,  in  the  2  pers.  Sing.,  io  becomes  or. 
Praes.  {rvnt-^ao)  tvtctov,  TVTXT-tad^o),  &.c.  The  Aor.  2.  M.  in  the 
2  Sing,  has  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable  zvnov.  The  Aor.  1. 
M.  ends  in  ui  in  the  2  Sing.,  and  is  regular  in  the  remaining  per- 
sons ;  retaining,  however,  its  a  ;  e.  g.  rvxp-cct,  tvx^-kox^m,  &,c.  In 
the  Perf.,  on  account  of  the  Mood-vowel  which  fails,  the  conso- 
nants are  multiplied  in  the  verba  miita  {rnvn-Go)  xixvipo,  {rixvn- 
G&bi  TfTVTT&b))  Tirvcfdoi,  &c.,  which  changes  are  managed  as  in 
the  Indicative. 


§  28.     Infinitive. 

The  Infinitive  ends  in  -Gdui,  which,  with  the  Mood-vowel  ;, 
gives  iG&ai.  The  Participles  end  in  -fuvog,  which,  with  the 
characteristic  vowel  o,  gives  -o^fvoq  The  Aor.  1.  M.,  howeverj 
retains  its  a  ;  e.  g.  -aa&at  -afiivog.  The  Mood-vowel  fails  in  the 
Perfect. 

Praes.         rvn-n 

Fut.  2.      TVTiriG 

Fut.  1 .  Tv<f-&}']a 
Fut.  2.  M.  Tvni 
Aor.  2.  M.  tVTi 
Fut.  1.  M.  Tvip 

Fut.  3.        TfTVlp 

Aor.  1.  M.  Tvip 


-iG&Ub 


-aGx^ai/ 


>  -OfAivoq 


rvTiT 

TVCpd-rjG 

Tvne 
Tvn 

TVlp 
TfTVIp 

-(xfiivog 

Perf.  {TfTvji-Gxtai)  rfxixpdai,  {xixvn-i^ifvog)  rfrvf-ifitvog.  In 
the  same  manner^  UyM  {Iflfy-Gdat)  IfUi&ai^  UXeyfiivog ;  nii&(o, 
{mnfi&-Gd^at,)  nen£i-G&ai^  {ncnfid-f.avog^  TcsneiGfxi'vog ;  (fQU^o), 
ininQud-Gd^ui,)  nfqgaa&ai,  {mcpQudfiivog)  iiicpQaGfiivog :  Auw 
makes  Xtlvad^ao,  lilvfitvog.  ^ 


comhakatim:  \ii:\\ 


THE   COMMON    AM)    IIOMKlilC    PARADKiM. 


§  2f>.     .icthe. 
Indicative. 


Common. 

i  -0)         K.;       n 
PraM.  ri'jir  ' -OjW/i'     nuv     frnv 
oj  at 


Homeric. 


Imperf. 


(  -OlttV      fit 

i  -ov 
nr  I  -Ofuv 

(  -OfltV 


ftov 

Hf 


f 


n,  kc. 


I,  kc. 


*rtnr  ^ 

TVTTTfax  )  -ov         fi  I 

iivnzfax  ^    and  3  Plur.  -ov 

)  -ov  fi  f 

^    and  '^  Plur.  -ov 


Ti'Tiraox 
iivriTuox 


Note.  These  forms  of  the  Imperf.,  Aor.  1.  and  2.,  Act.  and 
Pas*.,  in  CTx,  are  found  only  in  the  persons  of  the  Sina:.,  and  in  the 
3  pers.  Plur.     \'id.  Gram.  §  JIG.     ITk.] 

dramon. 

^  -01  fU  f'l 

Fut.  2.  iiTi  •.-iiufv  f'irov  thoi' 

\   -UUfl'    fhf        HOV 


'    n 

omoric. 

1  .-t'oj 

2.  uii 

3. 

t'ft 

fi^ 

ti 

].-t'oiiev 

2.  uiov 

3. 

ff  TOV 

triifv 

lUOV 

thov 

l.-*'o/if>' 

2.  i'tti 

3. 

tHOl 

fVflfV 

(hi 

Aor 


!-ov  /»  f 

-OfitV        tJOV         ttt]l 
-OUfV        fTf  OV 


Fot.  Tv%f>  -oi  ti^  n,  4tc. 


itv:t  \  -ov  i^  f.  kc. 
; ,  rnim  ) 

{jvnKut  i  -ov  f-;   t 
tn'rtfo*  \  ;<•  Plur.  01-)* 
Tfip     -CI)     <<>•     n.  i:c. 


*  Add«d  from  the  Gram,  t  210.  c.     [Tr. 


COMMON  AND  HOMERIC  PARADIGM. 


47 


Aor.  1.  tTvip 


Perf.  TfVi 


Homeric. 


-a        ag 
-Kfiev  arov 


6 

CCTOV 

aat, 


ug        e,  &c, 

eg        f 
3.  Plur.  -01/ 


Plusqpf.  hnvn 


i-etf- 


V       ftg       et 
ftfifv  ftrop  flTi]v 
etfiev  eire     iiaav 


Tixvn 

hervn 


-ea  eccg  tf  av 
-Hfxev  HTOv  tirrjv 
-fifiev  fiTf  eiaav 
(1.  rjdecc  2.{ijildiag)  3. -^See  -v 
7jfidj]g  ridii 

TJdrja&a  yd'ft)* 
NoTK,  Anomalies,  occasioned  by  the  failure  of  the  characteris- 
tic vowel,  cannot  conveniently  be  enumerated  in  the  Paradigm. 
Of  this  sort  are,  ei'ttrov,  Od.  4.  27,  for  einfrov  Praes. ;  iiKTrjv,  11.  1. 
104,  for  einiTrjv  Iniperf. ;  ethjXovd^fxit/^  II.  9.  49,  for  fiXijXov&u- 
fisv  Perf.;  i'^/w^j/,  (later  form  iOf.ifv)  for  'ida^iev,  full  form  oWafitv ^ 
imni'&fiev,  II.   2.  341,  for   tnijxi&it^iev,  commonly  ininoi^^^eif.ui'j 


Plusqpf.;  &c.    ";^ii-£7*M^ 


Praes 


Common. 

^-co 

V?      V 

TIT  {  -OJjMff 

7]T0V    7]T0V 

f  -omev 

fjTOP    (OGl 

Subjunctive. 


Homeric. 

2.   rjg       3.  »j 

tjg^a       t]Gt, 


ixov        erov 
2.  rjTf     3.  (uat 


Aor.  2.  Tvn 


<     -OJUfV 


-(x)f.lfV    tjTOV    tjTOV 
\    -OJ/Uff    TjTl       MGl 


-v)^ev  rjTi 


Aor.  I.  Tvxp  -w  rjS  &,c.  as  Aor.  2. 
Perf  iiTVJi  -0)  )]g  kc.  as  Aor,  2, 


fl-o, 

Wfilt 
l.-tOjMff     2.    r]TOV    3.    ijTOv 

OfAiV 

1 .  ()i(iev 

OfifV 

f  1 .  -co        2.  |jg        3.  ri 

-OlfAt  rjOd^tX.         TjGt 

j  \.-Wfiev  2.rjT0v  S.tjtou 
-o^iv       ixov        trOv 
l.-wfxfv  2.i^Tf     3.0)01 

-OfASV  IT€ 

jvxp  -M  (Of^it  &c.  as  Aor.  2. 
TfTL'Tc  -0)  (am,  &c.  as  Aor.  2. 


•  Added  from  ths  Gram,,  ^211.     [Tr.1 


48  COMMON  AM)  HOMF.MC    FARAriGM. 


Optative. 

Common.  Homeric. 


/  -ijlltl  Oli  (tl 

VrZii.  Tvni  l-oiutv        (jiKtv      oiir, 
\  -ijiufv        ijirf        oifv 

r  -uluc  o/V        o?  /  -toiiti 

Fut.  2.  TiTi  < -o//if»'  oliof    o~iTr,v        Tvn  l-ioiuiv 

\-o7ufv  ohf      ohv  \-iotuiv 


TVni         -01141  ot^,   k.c. 


toi^       toi 
V     toiTov  *o/r»;i 
oiftfv    oiif      oiiv  \-totniv     t'otre     t'ottv 


Aor.  'i.  Tr.T-x  Tv:i  and  TfTV7i\ 

*■'"•    I.    rriiif-oiai    <n^    oi,  iiC.      n'lp  \ -i 

'■   ifii-iJ  Tfivjt  y 


I'erf. 


{  -taut        iti^        tti 
I'l/' C  -a/ii/i'      tttiiii'    nit),v  jinji    -unit     at^;, 

\-uifi€i'      uizf      uitv  Ti'U»    -itu       nu<; 


Aor.  1.  ii'i/' ( -a/ii/i'      uiiDv    ttitt,v  xvx^i    -uiui,     ai>,  &c. 

•ut^iv     uizf      uitv  Ti'y»    -itu       nu<;     ne/'i 

and  the  3d  IMur.  nuv 

Imperative  and  Infinitive. 


/-f         tro)  ^-t fit  vat 

^-*ro»'  tion'       rcm-fii'  Tcni-f  fico,  iic.  riTir  <  -f 
\-Hf      ni'tnav  ( -< 


Pracs.  ri^Tr  ( -*ro»'  hoh'       xinT-fti'  Tcni-f  ttiu,  i:c.  riTir  <  -tiuf 

or  -o«  f(i»i 
Aor 


^.ifi-f   //(.»,  vVC.    irrx-fiv     rvn}  .        ,  tvtj  }    ■ 

■         i  -f  fTOt,  kc.  /  ffty  fiv 

Ttti:t  ^  If  tin  ) 

^  -1)1'  UTOt 

Aor.  I.   itii'^-uKii'     uiiov  rrifi-ai        iti^-o»'  utii>,i)iC.  rrifi-ai 

\  -tttf        tfuonav 
or  txiToiv 
Fut.2.  Inf.  rrrr-fM'  Fiit.l.  ri>i/»-*<i'  rim-tfiv  ilv     rvn>-tuirtti  t'fifv  fiv 

Perf.  rt'rtn-;  *'rw,  ^c.  tnvn-tiat      ritvn-f  ticj,&iC.  T^rri  <  7*""* 

(  nut 

/'(ir<Jci/)/«. 


Prrcs.  Ti'rtr  > 
Ful,  I.  Ill/;  ^ 


■(iif     ointt     (If 


Fut.  2.       jvn  -lit!'  01  nu  mi 

Aor.  2.      Ti;.i  -•HI'  oina  ov 

Aor.  I.     TCI/'  -«>  ana  ttv 

I'rrf       titvn  -(m>  rm  d^: 


n'rr> 

01  n« 

Of 

riT      -n<}v 

/oroa 

t'uv 

tri)      . 

orrttt 

or 

fj'i/'      -«> 

ooo 

ttv 

via 

Os' 

TttUJl  ^ 


COMMON  AND  HOMERIC  PARADIGM. 

&  30.     Passive. 


49 


Praes. 


Indicative 
Common. 

t]  fTUt 

i{}a    laOe     Qvrao 


Homeric. 
1.  -Of.itt(,     2.  iav        fj 
1.  -Ofxadov   -OfAfOd^OV 

1.  -ofiexf^a    -o^ao&a 


Plusqpf.i'rfTj; 


Flit.  2.    rvmqo 
Fut.  l.T^qp^rJiT 

Aor.  2.  *Ti 


TiTV 


w 


■fifiriv     i|»o     &c. 
3d  Plur.  -^«ro 


Iq  the  remaining  persons  like  com. 
^-6(.irjv      ov         ixo  i  1.  -6{.ir]v       2.  lO  3.  (TO 

Imperf.  hvm '.-ofii^ov  ead-ov  i'ad^rjv    >  <  1. -o^tft^oj/     -ofiia^ov 

\-6f.u{yu   {G&e    ovTO  \l.-6ueifu      -Of^todu 

In  the  other  persons  no  deviation. 
Tvnrfdyi  >  -6fA.t]v       io       tTO 
irvntfo^S  3d  Plur.    ovto 

^  -f-ifxtto       \\)tti     nrat 
Perf.   Ttrv  <  -fAi^if&ov  cf&ov  cp&av     TiTv/.ifiat     -iput,    k,c. 

\  -f.ii^iix)^a    q)&6  3d  Plur.  xfTiiquTUO 

{xeTvi^ifitvoo  fioi) 
-^if.o]v      ipo      mo 
-fAf-tix^ov  ^'&ov  (fid^rjv 

-o/Lie&ov  eadov  ea&ov 

-UfiiO-a   (od-6    ovrat 

r]v       t}g       n  xvn 

■t]f.ifp  t]TOv   rjtrjv        txvTi 

t]f.ieu  t]Te      rjoav  {quieanf  Od.  \\.  581.  {or  iq)(xi't]. 

vifl  Gram.  §210.  c.)     [Tp..] 
&c. 

-7]auv  or  ev 
\  -fi'lAai        2.  fi]  2>.iiTab 

\.-ev{.ii&ov  2.iead^op  3. 1'ta&op 
sladov        fJadov 
\.-iv^iida     2.a'eade      ^.  iovxao 
fiQde  ivvrac 

6^u]v       ov        iro  rvn  (\.-6i.n]v         2.  fo 

M.iTvn  {-ofiidov  fodov  iadrjv         hvii  ll.  -6fxfdot>       -o/tifodov 
-ouidu    foOi     opTO         tiiiiji  '  \, -oueOoi        -omodu 


Tvn7]a 

TVCfr&t'lG 


l.-OfAao  2.  eat  7j 
l.-Of-ifdov  -6f.(eaOov 
l.-Of.ii'&a    -ofxeo&a 


I" 


V  &c.  3d  Plur.  -7]aav  or  fv 


Aor.  1.  arvcp^  -vp  n'i,  &c.  like  Aor.  2.    ,^J^^  ^  3J  ^,^^ 


Fut.  2. 


Aor.  2. 


-tsfiao      1]  fiTut 

-bjiiedov  iladov  iladov 
-3^i6a  elads    Sftai     rvn 


60  OOIUOV  AA'D  HOMERIC  PARADIGM. 


Common.  Homeric. 

{1.  -Ufiui       2.  fai-Tj 
I.  -oitfSof  -outadov 
l,-6ftf^u    -ouioda 
(rfrri^  -Oftut^    &lc.     with 

rediiplicat-  ?id.  Gram.  ^  s:Oj.  10.  [Tr.] 

Aor.  I.  M.  f-""';*'      t"  «ro  ,.,.1.  r'- ""."';»'  2.  taj  -0) 

-uufodu 


\\    r-aiirv       I'}  UTO  .    r\.-ttur,v 

K.-uitfOu    unfjf      ufio  K.I.  -aufdu 


^-o'tfifSov   r,(idov   r,(iduv       rinr  (  l.-oJiK 
\-ti>f.itOu     t,r)hf      oniui  \l.-ujijt 

A  or.  2.  tvn    \    ".         'i'       'I 
Aor.  \.  tufb]     J         L         '. 

V-101HI>     tiff        Hit 


Subjunctive. 

)uut     2.  t;«t-»j 
Prae«.  rvm  (  -o'tufSov  r,(idov  r,(iduv       rinr  (  I.  -oiuffjof  -ojutoBop 

-wijf6u    -luutnda 
f  1.  -m         2.  >,<;         3.  jj 

i-f/(ii  *i»<s'  fit) 

\.-,:,!,fp   2.  ,]rot'     3.  ^>ov 
-fldiifv     fiiiov       n'nov 
\.-tiiftn>    2.rjrf        3.  01  a  I. 
-fioftfp      tiftf         H»ni, 

.    „  ,,    M             i^-f>iiui  ),  >,iai  riTi  /  l.-o)u«f       2.  ),ui-ti 

\oT.  'I.  y\.  n:t  \      ;  •'  '  '     )                            ■ 

,        .    »i            i -cmfOuv  i.ndov  t.odov  invn  {  l.-ioufhui'  -tinifcOov 

Aor.  I.  M   iii/>  )      '  '  •      )         • 

\  -IDItfOu        tjOOf        OJi'tUl         Tl'lp   \   l.-lOilflJu      -t'lUfCtiu 

Opiuthe. 

!-(t'ittt,v       010  otto  /  \.-oiur,v^  &.C 

-oiiuOuv  uinOuf  oiodtiv      iv:ii  I  l.-oi^{Oov  -oifitadoy 
,-iiiitfba     uinBt     OHIO  \l.-uiuff)a     -uiutada 

;>d  IMur.  otyjo  -oiuro 

hilt.  '2.   it:tt,n   1       ;                               ,  rv:u,a  \          ;    '  '         ' 

,.   .    ,           ..          -oiiifOov  oindop  oinht,v  .,  \\.-oiufdo¥-oiunf- 

\\,\    \.  n(i(h,o  J      ;     -             -  xvqf)t,a  )        / 

y -oififna    oinOl     ott-io  '  l.uinfOu-oiftfnBu 

3<l  Plur.  onto  -uiuto 

.\or.  .'.   fin  \  ,  I        ' 

A       1  n  \ -'";."'»'  Hi,iOf  tn,tr,v        nil  I.  Plur.  fit.uft-  -nun 

( -iir,fift>  eit,tf     ti't^uv     iiqfJ  12.  fit,if  -nit 
v3.  lit.Ottv  -I'ln- 


COMMON  AND  HOMERIC  PARADIGM. 


61 


Common. 


Fut.  2.  M. 

TVTl 


C-oi^i]v      010         ono 
2-oifiiQov  ola&ov  oi'di^i 
f^-olfiid^u  olade    oh'TO 


O^tjV    TVTl 


Aor.  2.M.  ri'TT^-^'/"?"      «'«        ^^^'^ 

Fut  1  M    Tviu  \~'^''f^^^ov ocoxiov olaxytji'  TfTVTi 

OIVTO 

C-uif^iijv      aio         aiTO 
rvip  \-alf.i{i)oi'Uia\)^ov  aloxf^tiv  rvxp  •{  1 


Homeric. 
-f0iiii]v      ioio  iono 

-eolf.u{yoi/  toiadov  eola07]i 
-folfifxiu     &c. 

TVTT    C  l.-0lfAt]V  &,C. 


Aor.  1 .  M. 


Praes.  rvm 

Perf.        TiTV 

Aor.  2.     Tvn 

Aor.  1.  Tvq& 

Aor.  2.  M.  Tvn 

Aor.  l.M.  Tvip 


-uif-ifda  uio'&s     atvTO 


Imperative. 
t'oxtM 

tOxtCOV 
(fr&CO 

qy&oiGav 

rjTMV 
TjTMaCCV 

»;Tto     &c. 

iGxtM 

i'a&oiv 

-UddOV     UOxtOiV 

-ccG'&t      aad^MGuv 


L"i  \  l.-olf^tfdov  oififa{)ov 
lip  '  \.-oi}if&a  olf-ieaOcc 

\.-Ulf.l1]V  &.C. 

alfifBoi/  aif-ieadov 
ui'fAfOa  uif-iioOa 


V  rvxp  < 


SPlur.  -uivTO     ccictzo 

2.  -10  IV  3.  io&o)  &,c. 
3  Plur.  -k&Mv 


TiTV    -I^IO    &C. 

zvrc  -i]&i  &c. 

TV(fy&   -i]Tt   &C. 


Tvn  2. 

TiXVTl    2. 


-£0    iV  &.C. 
-£V   &C. 


TVl^l  -Ki  (fo)*  aadM  &c. 
*duac»o  II.  19.  36.  vid  Gram. 
§  213.     [Tr.] 
Note.    The  Infinitives  and  Participles,  not  deviating  in  Homer 
from  the  common  forms,  are  omitted. 


CONTKAr-TIONS 

OK  TMK 

FINAL  \  OUT.L  OF  THi:  ROOT  AXD  THE  MOOD  V  uWFLS 

IV    1 1  IF. 

VKHBA  riRA. 

^  Jl.   Kiiumeration  and  classification  of  (he  poaible  contractions 
in  the  rerba  Pura. 

Before  tlie  conjug^ation  of  the  Aorr.  Pass.,  together  witli  the 
oriijinal  and  simple  conjugation  without  Mood-vowels,  can  be  un- 
derstood, we  m^!^t  give  a  general  view  of  the  so  named  Contrac- 
tions. The  Verba  Pura,  for  instance,  wliose  roots  end  in  a  f  o, 
e.g.  Tiitu-(i}  oixi-'-di  yoino-oi,  undergo,  in  the  Pracs.  and  Imperl., 
especially  in  the  Attic  dialect,  many  changes  ;  e.  g-  oixt'fi  was  pro- 
nounced oixi7 ;  and  yornot,,  ynvnul.  These  changes  are  denomi- 
nated drntrnclions.  Wc  mu»t  guard,  however,  against  the  notion, 
that  the  vowel  w  hich  appears  after  the  contraction  has  taken  place, 
aUvays  contains  the  vowels  which  stood  together  before  the  change. 
When  oixt'n  is  contracted  into  oixtl,  and  y^vaotj  into  yornol,  who 
would  believe  that  the  n,  in  this  case,  besides  the  t  and  <,  contains 
also  another  *,  or  that  in  the  o*  are  concealed  an  o  »;  and  i  ?  F.v- 
idently,  the  rapid  prfiumciation  etTected  such  a  change,  that  in 
place  of  the  two  or  more  vowels  one  only  was  heard,  and  that,  too, 
which  came  the  nearest  to  the  prevailing  sound.  It  is  not,  there- 
fore, necessary  to  suppose,  that  the  sound  finally  obtained,  includes 
within  itself  the  former  ones,  or  is  merely  a  sign  of  the  union  of 
those  sounds.  It  is  cpiite  a  dilT«'rent  thing,  when  tt  in  dttlo-;  is  con- 
tracted into  ()»"Aov  anil  when  o'ixtt  becomes  uixfl.  In  the  first  cuse, 
the  sign  tj  is  employed,  which  comprehends  tf  ;  in  the  latter,  how- 
ever, the  tf.  in  the  rapidity  of  pronunciation,  become*  k.  the  sound 
of  which  approximates  to  that  of  k. 


CONTRACTIONS  IN  THE  VKRBA  PURAJ^^W^?  Vp  -^^Afiat*^, 

In  the  Verba  Pura^  (-foj-aco-oco,)  the  vowels  e  a  o  are  brought 
in  immediate  contact  with  the  Mood-vowels.  Besides,  these  Mood- 
vowels,  when  the  several  terminations  are  annexed,  give  birth,  as 
we  have  already  seen,  in  the  several  Moods  &ic.  Act.  and  Pass,  to 
the  following  sounds,  viz.  w  it  ov  ij  tj  ot.  Each  of  these,  there- 
fore, together  with  the  simple  Mood-vowels  of  the  Ind.  viz.  o  f, 
preceded  by  f  «  and  o,  give  all  the  possible  cases  of  contraction  in 
the  Verba  Para.  But  it  and  7]  need  not  be  comprised  in  this  clas- 
sification ;  for  the  Iota,  except  in  a  case  presently  mentioned,  oc- 
casions no  difficulty,  being  merely  subscribed  wherever  it  is  possi- 
ble ;  e.  g.  TifAixitg  rif-iag.  E  t  and  rj,  therefore,  may  be  considered 
as  equivalent  to  i  and  t}.  For  the  contractions,  then,  remain,  the 
two  short  vowels,  the  two  long  ones,  and  the  two  diphthongs  ot  «  ; 
in  their  proper  order,  f  0  r]  co  ot  a. 

§  32^CoJitractions  which  occur  in  all  the  Persons. 

-n 
fv 

ot] 

1.  For  a  we  obtain  it;  for  io,  a;  and  f,  before  the  long  vow- 
els and  diphthongs,  disappears  :  e.g. 

g/A  -a  qilit  iff  IX 

{ftX  -iij  qiktj  (fik 

q.tX  -ioladtjp  (fiXolad>]v  <ftX 

2.  For  a  with  i  or  ^;,  we  obtain  a 
s,  an  CO.     e.  g. 

Tibiae  rlfAU 

Ttf.ia}]iat  Tifiuzut 

iTl^iaOV  iTlfAtOV 

TlflCtOll-lt  Tif.mi.it 

3.  For  0  with  a  short  vowel,  we  obtain  a;  with  a  long  one,  w ; 
and  0,  before  the  diphthongs  01,  a,  disappears  :  e.  g. 


-i 

-0 

1.  E. 

a 

eo 

2.  A. 

ae 

ao 

3.  0. 

Of 

00 

-w 

-ot 

-s 

i(f) 

iOt 

m 

a.vi 

uot 

«a 

0(f) 

OOt 

oa 

\    -fOV 

i(fiXtiv 

I  -iojvxat 

(fllo)l'TttV 

I   -i3Gt 

cftXiat 

ong  « ;    for 

«  with  0,  CO,  ot, 

Ti^meig 

rtfiug 

jifiayjg 

Ttfiug 

Tiftaoiat 

rifiMat 

Ttfiaov 

TlflO) 

XQVGOitV 

'/^QVOHV 

'/gvooov 

ygvaorv 

XQvaorjTOv 

ygvoMTOv 

^gvoocoat 

ygvaoiot 

ygvaooiut 

'/ofGoTnt 

ygVGOOVGU 

yjtVGHOK 

64  contraCiio.xs  IX  TiiF.  vrnBA  prn.* 

Note.   For  o,  with  n  or  with  »;.  we  often  ohtain  ot  :   e.  g. 
-f^oinon^  ^fpi'por,',  ^ovnutf^  ■j^oiao^s- 

It  in  evitlcnt  that  no  other  contraction  is  possible 

§  33.   On  the  Ilointric   Contractions. 

Thp  Verba  pura^  in  Homer,  rmist  be  rt-gartled  in  a  two-tuld 
point  of  view. 

1.  As  inclinint?  to  the  uncontracted  and  open  forms.  In  conse- 
t|uencc  of  this,  the  contraction  does  not  take  place,  \vhen  t  is  fol- 
lowed by  w  /;  »;  ui  or  «,  when  o  is  followed  by  ot  ti^ov  j^,  and  when 
o  is  followed  by  r,  or  »;.  In  the  other  cases,  the  uncontracted  or 
open  forms  and  the  contracted,  are  sometimes  found  together; 
e.g.  nuonftfo'uff  and  ixQonfqv'ivn. 

2.  Such  forms  alone  are  constructed  as  are  permitted  by  the 
Hexameter  verse  A  great  liberty  is  used,  therefore,  in  regard  to 
the  inlleclioiix.  For  instance,  where  the  HexamclA"  demands  it,  i 
is  fre(|ueiilly  U'ligthcned  into  n  ;  e.  g.  (fi).-n<)-n,q-ti]  gives  qiK-fita 
-thf^-fui :  and  the  contracted  lorms  are  modiljed  to  suit  the  verse, 
so  that  in  verbs  in  ««»,  the  vowel  of  the  root,  or  one  of  the  con- 
tracted voweU,  is  lerigthened  at  pleasure  before  the  contracted 
ayilalile.  In  this  matmor,  vutnuitau  (i«/f rolffa  is  at  variance  with 
the  Hexameter  verse)  may  become  vuinuioau  and  Keinoona.  So 
ouuovna  gives  ooomu  and  ouuoxfu  ;  ^uovna  gives  ^loau  and  ^lomau 
(Coo'Tu  is  not  adapted  to  the  Hexameter  verse.)  So  also,  fivufo- 
9ui,  ftt'ttn%>i(i,  fitCtuaOui ,  '/i).uftv  ytXit  ytXauv.  The  contraction 
of  H)  into  /r,  which  does  not  take  place,  however,  in  tlie  2d  per«. 
Sing.  Impcrf.  and  Aor.  2.  M.,  is  somewhat  anomalous.  Thu<  itt- 
nf'otni  (tVom  ifixfin-nit)  in  Homer,  IxTomes  inxfi'ni.  In  the  3d 
per**.  I'lur.  Imperf ,  such  forms  as  fjiuoOurv  uffijointovi-.  undergo 
the  usual  contraction  of  *o  into  or.  Having  premised  thu*  much, 
nil  the  cases  of  contraction  occurring  in  Homer,  in  the  Verba  pur  a. 
may  easily  be  explained  in  the  tullowing  I'arailigm. 


VERBA  PURA. 


55 


§  34.     Active. 


Verba  Pi 

URA  IN  -S(0. 

Indicative  Prces. 

Full  form. 

Attk. 

Homeric. 

S.  fd 

-i'(0 

-0) 

-i'bi 

-ilM 

-i(ig 

-f^g 

-im 

-fieig 

-e7g 

-«* 

-i7 

-tit 

-iiii, 

-ft 

D. 

-i'fTOV 

-fnov 

-t'fTOV 

-dtxov 

-HTOV 

P. 

-iOfAfV 

-OV/iliV 

-to^ap 

-iiofiev 

-ev(Aiv 

-tire 

-ehi 

-UTS 

-eifze 

-{Tits 

-iovai 

-ovot 

-iovGt, 

-tvat 

Subjunctive. 


s.qa 

-tO) 

-b) 

-tOi 

-ilOi 

-ir]g 

-^g 

-i'rjg 

■fhjg        -fjjff^a 

-^v 

'i 

-It]         -trial         -ih) 

D. 

-itJTOV 

-iJTOV 

-i'llTOV 

-ilfTOV 

P. 

-iw^tiv 

-Wf.tlV 

-i(x)fA.ev 

-flOf-lfP 

~i1]T£ 

->~iTe 

-it]Te 

-iieze 

-IMGi 

-MOV 

-t'wat 

optative. 

S.  (fd 

-eoifit 

-oifii 

-10 1  fib 

-olt]v 

-i'otg 

-o7g 

-i'oig 

-oing 

-lot, 

-01 

-iot 

-oif] 

D. 

-iotTov 

-OlTOV 

-i'oiTOV 

-iOiTtjv 

-OlTt]V 

-folrrjv 

P. 

-toifAev 

-oifAfv 

-toifiev 

-i'oize 

-oira 

-iotxa 

iOtiV 

-o7(v 

-IQliV 

Imperative. 

S.  (fix 

-f£ 

-it 

-ee 

-ib 

-ftTM 

-i'lTbi 

-eiT(o 

-dxoi 

D. 

-e'lTou 

-ilrov 

-nrov 

-elxov 

-itXOiV 

-llzMV 

-iiZO)V 

-aixoiv 

P. 

-«rf 

-eTrs 

-itTS 

-HX6 

-itTMauv 

>  -HTdoauv 

-iivoioav 

-eizoiaciv 

-lU]Gi 


56 


qd 


ifd 


VERBA   PIRA. 

hifinitive. 

Full  foriu. 

Adic. 

Homeric. 

't'iiv 

-flv 

-I'ftr              -fly 
-t'iun'tti         -r,¥at 

Participle. 


-{(»» 

-MV 

-tutv 

-itbiw 

-t'ovatt 

-ntaa 

-to  ma 

-flouau 

-toy 

-Ol'l/ 

-t'ov 

Indicative  linpirf. 


S.  fqd 

-fftv 

-ovv 

-fOV 

-ffnycov 

-fifaxor 

-ffy 

-fly 

-tf-; 

-ft^ 

-fKf%f-; 

-fifnxf? 

-ff 

-It 

-ff 

-fi 

-f'fcnf 

-fifOXf 

D. 

-t'ftni' 

-fir  or 

-f'ftOV 

-fhop 

-fHtjV 

-{iit,p 

-tii},v 

-fiir,v 

Ps 

-{'oftfv 

-Ot'flfV 

-foutv 

-tvftty 

-urf 

-tlif 

-if  If 

-flrt 

-toy 

-OJI' 

-fOV 

-ovv 

-itnxop 

-fifaxof 

V'krba  Pi  iiA  i\  -«i 
lu'.licdtive    Prfrs. 


-noi 

-lit 

-UK) 

-01 

-UU) 

-MID 

-Ufl^' 

-«^' 

-uti^ 

"'.<> 

-Uff'i 

-itni 

-tiftr 

-«.< 

-Uft 

-« 

-«> 

-U<f 

-UfTOP 

-uiov 

-UfTOV 

-«roi' 

-UUTOP 

-uu^tfv 

-otufp 

-UOftfP 

-OtftfV 

-OMUfV 

-OKOllfV 

-Uftf 

-Ulf 

-Uflf 

-art 

-uatf 

-UOl'Ol 

-lilOl 

-liornt 
Sul'jiiticlive. 

-UKJl 

-owat 

-otwat 

-do) 

-lit 

-a  01 

-ui 

-Oct 

-010} 

-«;*» 

-([> 

-«/;,• 

-ut,oOu 

-at) 

-(t 

-«», 

-  It  1,  (71 

-ui;tov 

-urov 

-at,' Of 

-uonifv 

-iOUfk 

-Ul'ttlfp 

-iitufr 

-at, If 

-('trt 

-III,  If 

-umni 

-i'lOt 

-uioai 

utai 

VERBA  rURA. 


57 


Optative. 


Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric. 

S.   TI/.1 

-aoi/nc 

-(OJit, 

-UOlf-U 

-lO^lO 

TObJfit 

-ccoig 

-log 

-aoig 

-<oy 

-aot 

-ill 

-aot 

-w 

D. 

-aoiTOv 

-onov 

-aonov 

-00)TOV 

-UOlDjV 

-on}]v 

-aotrt]v 

P. 

-aocf-iiv 

-olfAil> 

-aoif^ifv 

-00)l.lfV 

-UOlTf 

-MTe 

-uoire 

-U)Tl 

-oonf 

-aoiep 

-(liiv 

-UOtfV 

-MtV 

-OMiV 

S.  iiift 

D. 
P. 


Imperative. 


S.   Tlf^l 

-ae 

-a 

-ae 

-a 

-UtTOi 

CCTM 

-atTO) 

-UTO) 

D. 

-UfTOV 

UTOV 

-CCtTOV 

-UTOV 

-UtTMV 

-aroiv 

-UtTOiV 

-aroiv 

P. 

-ufxe 

-are 

-CCfTf 

-are 

-atTcaaav 

ocTioaav 

Infinitive. 

-aTbtaav 

Tl^l 

-UflV 

-av 

-aetv 

-av 

Participle. 


Tifi        -aiov         -ot)v 
-asau        -Moa 
-aov         -lov 


-aoiv       -(av         -ooiv 

-utKJcc     -olaa       -ojojaa      -ixuau 

-aov        -ojv 


Indicative  Imperf. 


-uov 

-mv 

-dfg 

-ag 

-as 

-a 

■afTOv 

-UTOV 

-UtTi]V 

-ax)]v 

-aof-iev 

-afiev 

-ufre 

-are 

■aov 

-OiV 

-aov 
-aig 
-as 
-asTov 

-UtTt]V 

-aofisv 

-ccsrs 

-aov 


-MV 

-ag 

-a 

-axov 

-drtjv 

-afisv 

-UTS 

-MV 


-00)V 

-aag 

-da 

-darov 

-uaTi]v 

-6o)f.isv 

-dars 


Also  l.-(xaxov  -daffxov  2.  -sg  3.  -e 
3  Plur.  -ov 


S8 


VERBA    PIRA. 


S.  dr,). 


P. 


S.  fir,k 

D. 
P. 


VrriBA   PfRA  \s  -OM. 
Indicat.  I'ras. 


Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric. 

S.  Sf,l 

-Oil* 

-Ul 

-o'«i* 

-itt 

-ofi.; 

-o7g 

-o;/,- 

-o'l^ 

-on 

-o7 

-on 

-01 

D. 

-OfTOV 

-OVTOV 

-oirov 

-OVTOV 

P. 

-OOfitV 

-01  itfV 

-ooftfv 

-OVfilV 

-oirf 

-orrf 

-Of  re 

-ovtt 

-DO  rat 

-(tint 

-oouai 

Subjunctive. 


-out 

-(» 

-Or,i 

-olq 

-Of; 

-0? 

-otirov 

-wtov 

-OOlftlV 

-OtfUV 

-6r,Ti 

-viif 

-6o)ac 

-0)0 1 

'001  III 

-Olftt 

-OOl-i 

-0I-; 

-001 

-ol 

-OUITOV 

-OIlOV 

-OOlltjV 

-oil  t,v 

-001 UfV 

-OltlfV 

'-OOtlf 

-oitf 

-OIHtV 

-OIH' 

Opiative. 


-OOi 

-oil 

-OlftOV 
-OCJfiff 

-oijte 

-00)01 


-ooi^i 
-oot^i 

-001 
-001  TOV 

-ooiftiV 

'OOlfUf 

-ooirt 

-OOlii' 


jiperattve. 


Iiilitiiliit. 


-otjadft 

-01(01 


S.  fit'iX 

-Of 

-It 

-Of 

u 

-Of  Hit 

-ItlKt 

-Of  rut 

urii) 

D. 

-OftOV 

-tirov 

-OflOV 

-HTOV 

-Of  tot  V 

-HlOtV 

-otro)v 

-HtlOf 

P. 

-Of  if 

-Hit 

-Of  It 

-Off 

-ofiotauv 

-utwouy 

-of'iiontiv 

-ttiioam 

,),.k 


VERBA    PUilA. 


59 


Participle. 


full  form. 

Attic. 

Homerio. 

drjl 

-00)P 

-0.)V 

-owv 

-oovaa 

-ovna 

-oovou 

-OOP 

-ovv 

-oov 

Indicai.    Imperf. 


S.  fd>'iK 

D. 
P. 


-oov 

-ovv 

-oig 

-ovg 

-Of 

-ov 

-OiTOV 

-OVTOV 

-OlTtjV 

-OVTtjV 

-6o(.liV 

-ODflfV 

-oeie 

-ovre 

-oov 

-ovv 

-OOV 

-oeg 
-oe 

-Of TOP 

-otit^v 

-OOf-liV 

-OfTl 

-OOV 


-ovg 

-OV 

-OVTOV 

-0VT7JV 

-OV(.llV 

-OVTS 

-OVV 


Note.  Many  forms  of  the  the  verb  in  -oo),  which  occur  ia 
Homer,  made  by  protracting  o  before  the  Ultimate  or  Penultimate, 
have  been  omitted  by  the  Author ;  regarding-  them  perhaps,  as 
examples  of  that  poetical  license,  which  shortens  or  lengthens  a 
syllable  at  pleasure  to  accommodate  the  form  to  the  measure  of 
the  verse.  Examples  of  such  forms,  both  in  the  Act.  and  Pass., 
are  t^^jwotra,  11.  18. 372.  td^toovTat,  11.8.543.  vnvcoovTug,  II. 
24.  344.  Od.  5.  48.  iMfTai,  II.  20.  29.  pfojfo,  Od.  5.  215.  ibuxo, 
11.21. 300-     (jwoj'TO,  II.  11.50.     TiAoioff  J/,  Od.  5.  240,  &c.     [Tp..] 


§35. 

Passive. 

Verba  Pura  in 

-fOfiUl. 

s.  ^l}. 

-ionui 

-«,«at 

-f'oiiat 

-fvftat 

''P 

'V 

-{Jeac)     ■ 

-^'j; 

-f~iui     -fat 

-eerai 

-Hxat, 

-I'fTUt 

-ilrut 

D. 

-iofie&ov 

-t;f.ifdov 

-fVflf&OV 

-fOfiia&ov 

-ten<yov 

-fla&ov 

-if  G  Oov 

-fla&ov 

P. 

-{0/.ii&a 

-a  lie  da 

-iV^lfdtt 

-fOfifiy&a 

-UO&f 

-fla&f 

-lea&f 

-f7a&f 

-i'oVTUl 

-bVTUC 

-iOVTUt 

-tUl'TUl 

Subjunctii 


S.   (Ll). 


-to)(jiav 


60 


VERBA  PfRA, 


Full  form. 

Attic. 

?•' 

-\l 

tttitti 

-»^  I  at 

). 

-Uniudov 

-o'lfifOov 

-tr^aOuv 

-tja{*ov 

'. 

-fOHifOa 

-loutifa 

-ti,n&l 

-?,oOi 

-luiviai 

-turrat 

Homeric. 
-tt,ui 
-n,ttti 

-tO)f4l&OP 
-IMtUitu 

-iitinat 


Ontative. 


S.  9^ 

-f(jiitt,i' 

-Ol^tjf 

-fOitir,v 

-t'oio 

-olu 

-to  to 

-tot  TO 

-oho 

-ioiTO 

D. 

-loiiuxfov 

-oifitOov 

-loififOof 

-f'otaOov 

-oioOov 

-foiaOov 

-K)inOi,v 

-ulaOtjv 

-foiaOtiv 

P. 

-l6l^f9u 

-oiuf{ta 

-foltififa 

-t'otaOe 

-olaOf 

-ioiadt 

-fOllJU 

-Oil  10 

-foil  lit 

Iinperathe 

S.  qi^. 

-t'ov 

-ov 

-fr  -f7o  (atf)f7o  II.  21.  Tv 

-ftatto} 

-fir,  Out 

-ft'aOio 

-I  la  Oil) 

D. 

-itaiUtv 

-t'laOov 

-tfaOov 

-flaOov 

-tt'aOon- 

-tiaOiov 

-tta{>on- 

-f'laObiv 

V. 

-f'laOt 

-flaOf 

-tfoOf 

-flaOe 

-it'aDionav 

-fiai>ioatti' 

it  he. 

-iH',Oi»nui- 

-flo{>oinav 

,,u 

-t'tnltui 

rurti 

k,,,U 

-f'fnOui 

-flaOui 

,,iK 

-.'(;U,W  U, 

iiiitro^ 

'foiifif'.; 

-H  lUHJ^ 

Jmlicat. 

Iinpcri. 

S././a 

-H)Ut,V 

-tilt  },  V 

fun,,r 

-H  IU,f 

-tor 

-ov 

{ftijj 

-flO 

-if  TO 

-flro 

-th  0 

-tit  TO 

D. 

-toufOoi' 

-uftfflov 

-Hfif{>n¥ 

-t'tnVoi- 

-tlaf>oy 

-uailay 

-tloxrof 

-tt'axhjf 

-liaOr,v 

-fH>V>>,f 

-fin{h;v 

VERBA  PURA. 


6i 


Full  form.  Attic. 

-f6f.iiOa        -Hfif&a 
-i'fG&i  -fla&e 


Homeric. 

-I'OVTO  -iVVTO 


Verba  Pura 

IN  - 

-uofiai. 

Indicat. 

Ptos. 

s. 

ri^i 

-UOjUCCC 

-lOf.tUt 

-aoiiiat 

-tXiCKC 

-U)flUC 

-ufzao 

-UTUl 

-CiiTUt 

-urut 

-auTuc 

D 

-aofif&ou 
-ufodoi/ 

-UG&OV 

-UOI-tf&OV 

-afG&ov 

-Mf.t(&OP 
-UGOov       -UUG&Of 

P. 

\ 

-UG&S 

-aof-if&a 
-afG&i 

-ocGd^e 

-ttaa&e 

-uourau 

-MVTCCO 

-aovrav 

-tOJTKfr 

-OCOVTUi 

S. 

Tlfl 

-awf.iui' 

Subjunctive. 

D 

-atj 
-atjzat 

-U(Of.lf&OV 

-IX 
-UTCtC 

-cca&op 

-citjTai, 

-UO)fXf&Ol 

-uriG&ov 

P. 

-atof^ieOu 
-ctt^a&f 

-OJftf&U 

-ccG&e 
-oji/zai, 

-uo)fi(da 

-U>]G&£ 
-CiCOfTUt 

Optative. 

S. 

TlfA, 

-ccolf-irjV 

-Mflf]V 

-tt0ll.l7]V 

-(Ol-lt^V 

-0(Ofi1]l' 

-doio 

-COO 

-UOIO 

-OJO 

-00)0 

-dotzo 

-MIO 

-aoiTO 

-(0X0 

-OiOTO 

D. 

-aoiG&ov 

-u\(.ie&ov 
-ojaOov 

-uolf-ifOov 

-UOlGdov 

-(o^ifd". 
-ojgO: 

-Oo}fi£d^. 

-oowd-. 

-u<jiGdi]v 

-MO&r]V 

aoio&tji' 

-WG&. 

-0(/)G^. 

P. 

-uoiut&u 

-ioi.u&a 

-uol^it&u 

-om£&. 

-Ou)^l£&. 

-uoiG&e 

-Loa&£ 

-aoio&£ 

-MG&, 

-QOiG^, 

-aoiVTO 

-UJfTO 

-aoivTO  -wi>TO-(>}aTO  -okwtc 

S. 

Tl^l 

-uov 

Imperative 

-b) 

{afo)      -, 

EV          -OJ 

-00} 

-aeG&o) 

-aa&M 

-a^G&o) 

-ugOo) 

-uuGih'j 

D 

-uiGOov 

-UG&OV 

-deoVov 

-uGxiov 

-UUG&OV 

ce 


p. 


itfi 


^.  HI  ft 


S.  d>ik 
D 

r. 

s.  df,i 

p. 
p 


VtRBA   PIRA, 

Full  form. 

AUic. 

Homent. 

-ut'oitiov 

'UnxtMv 

-at'a&oif         -aaObw 

-uiaOi 

-uaOf 

-aio&f     -aaOf     -dua&f 

-ttt'aOojaav 

-ttaOiooai- 

hifnitive. 

-utox^biouv     -uaOoiOuv 

-uiaOui 

-uaOut. 

-utnOui    -uaOut     -itanO 

auv 
-a  fro 
-aoufOov 

-uofifOa 
-ittnOf 

-UOl'lO 


-Ofiat 
-oouffiov 
-otnOov 
-ouiiffia 

-OOl'lUt 


-OUIftUl 

-otj 

-or,Tai 

-imntfOnt) 

-oioiifdu 


Participle. 

-o'lftflO^  -UOlUVOq  -(l)HfVO'i    -Oo'tfifVO^ 

Indicat.  Impcrf. 

-ujut;p        -oo)ur,p 


-01 

-ttro 

lOUflfOV 

-un{}ov 

-uaOt,i> 

-oiufOa 

-itoOf 

-unto 

\'eKD.\    PlFlA     IN 


-UhU1,V 

{uto) 

-ufio         -urn  -uuTO 

-aoHiOov  -tofitQ.  -oiiififd. 

-uinOov    -uoOov  -uunxfov 

-uf'aOtjv    -uaOtiv  -uua\fr}v 

-uoutOu  -iDUfOa  -oo'tfifOa 

-ufoOf      -ua{U  -uuoOf 

-UOVtO         -UiVTO  -OUiVXO 

-oouut. 


-UftUl 

-0? 

-UTttl 

-ufifBov 
-ta6op 
-nfifOct 
-unOf 


Indicat.  Frees. 

-ooiiat 

-OfTltl 
-OOfltxfOV 


-ofn8ot> 
-uofifSct 
-otaOf 
-ouviat 


-ntiai 
-or, 
-utut 
-ufifOot 

-HOdoV 

-ufuBa 
-uiiat 


Subjuncliie. 


-uniai 

-0? 

-iiirat 

-oiuffiov 

-liinfluf 

-oiuffht 


-oil)  f  I  at 

-6,1 

-OtJVLt 

-ouniffiov 
-ounitOn 


S.dtjl 


D. 


S.df]l 


D. 


SrjX 


3rjk 


S.  idf]l 


D. 


P. 


VERBA  PURA. 


Full  form. 

-OMVTCCL 


-0010 

-ootro 

-ool(.ii6ov 

-ooiadov 

-ooiad}]v 

-ool/^teda 


Attic. 
-coaOf 


Optative. 


-Olf.li]V 

-olo 
-o7to 
-olfifdov 
-o'toBov 

-OlOdt]V 

-olf^ifda 


-ooioOe         -otadi 
-oomxo         -olvTO 


-OOlfitJV 
-0010 

-ootro 

-OOlf-lfdOV 

-ootadov 

-00l0d7]V 

-ooif-tfOu 
•  -ooiode 

-OOIVTO 


Imperative. 


-oov 

-otad(o 

-ofodov 

-otadiav 

-ofade 

-oioOwoav 


-oeodub 


-a 

-iiaSoi 
-^adov 

-yadcooav 


{ofo) 
-otadoi 
-oiodov 
-oeadwv 
-oeodi 
-otoQoioav 


Infinitive. 


-bGdat 


-oeaOat 


-Hodov 
-isado)v 
-5ade 
-aadoioav 


-nadai 


Participle 

-oofAivog 

-bf-ievog 

-oo^fvog 

-ii{x6vog 

Indicat. 

Imperf. 

-OOfXI^V 

-isfinv 

-oofinv 

-iiUnv 

-oov 

-« 

(oeo) 

-OfXO 

-3T0 

-OiTO 

-tSTO 

-o6f.iidov 

-i5[.lfd0V 

-OOfiidov 

-8f.il  Oov 

-ofoOov 

-5adov 

-oeadov 

-HOdoV 

-Oi'odljV 

-iiOd}]V 

'  0iOdt]V 

-isadt]v 

-OOfiidu 

-y/Afda 

-OOflidu 

-yfifdu 

-oeade 

-sods 

-oeade 

-bade 

-oovto 

-5VT0 

'OOVTO 

-HVTO 

CU.NJLCiATION  OF   VKRBS 
wiTHOL'T  mood-vowi:ls. 

^  3(5.     Conjugation  of  the  .lorr.  Passive. 

\Vc  come  nnw  to  the  Conjugation  without  Mood-vovcels^  fo  cuWei), 
because,  from  tlio  failure  of  the  Mood-vo\veI«,  almost  all  the  devia- 
tion* from  the  e;eneral  rule,  in  the  preceding  Paradigm,  are  to  be 
explained.  This  I'aradigm,arran<r»;d  according  to  an  arbitrary  cla«s- 
itication,  can  with  difl'icultv  be  remembere«l  ;  but,  when  its  princi- 
ples are  developed  and  explained,  it  is  understood  in  a  very  short 
time,  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  memory.  To  commence  with 
the  Aorr.  of  the  Pass,  which  the  Paradigm  presented  in  ^  ','.»  has 
antici|)ated.  If  we  compare  the  I ii d.  *Vr(/ «'>»;»'  with  the  Opt.  riq- 
6f'it]v^  and  frvnt]v  with  rrnf/»;i',  it  is  obvious  that  the  Ground-forms 
of  the  Tenses  are  rvqOf  and  nnf^  to  which,  in  onier  to  form  the 
Aorr.,  the  Terminations  of  the  Secondary  tenses  of  the  Act.  are 
bubjoincd,  viz.  Sing.  1. -»•  2. -a  3. — Dual  l.-fuv.  2. -rov  3. -rtiv 
Plur.  \.-iifv  2.-Tf  3.-(T«i'.  These  terminations,  in  case  the  Mood- 
vowel  fails,  are  annexed  immediately  to  the  Ground-torm,  which, 
in  the  Indira'.  Imperat.  ami  Intin.,  lengthens  the  linal  vowel,  e.  g. 


ttvqOt,t — tivtffir,nuv   1 

from  11  q 

fit  ; 

t^t,v — izi,Guv   from    c«. 

Ob- 

serve  lirst  the  conjugation. 

Indicat. 

t, 

t,  I  1,  v 

i,ni(r 

Subjunct. 
rvrx       f-"i            !i' 
'        {^-ontfv      >,it 

1,1  ov 

Opt.itive. 

Inipcrat. 

'        (  ~H),itty  til, If 

fn,i  >,v 
fii,iMii 

Intin. 

Pailicip. 

■nzx      }     - 

nqO    S'"'     """      •■*' 

The  Subjunct.  has  its  Mood-vowels,  but  is  usually  found  in  the 
rontracted  form  ;  e.g.  rrn/oi  n  m.^,  ?i-i/i,,'  r»;i;%'.  Unn  (from  ih) 
Of't,^'  Ot'ij,  {fi'i  i'>»7s  xh';,  in  Homer  Otiui  Otn.i  ihit,  with  the  jtro- 
tractcd  f,  as  in  qiXfloi-fir^-  ^cc. 


AORR.  PASSIVE,  65 

The  Optat.  takes  after  the  Ground-form  an  «,  and  subjoins  the 
terminations  of  the  Indicat,  viz.  l.-»;j/  2.-?;?  3.-??.  Dual.  l.-t][.iiv 
2.-t]tov  3.-t]Tt]i'.  Plur.  \.-i]nfv  2.-?;rf  S.-ijOuv  ;  e.  g.  TVf6f-t-i]v 
TV<pd(lyjv,  Tide — Tidfhjf,  Be — Oeujv,  axa—GTairiv,  &c. 

The  Imperative  has  the  terminations  of  the  Act.,  and  in  the  2. 
Sing,  retains  the  di  which  in  the  Act.  is  dropped  ;  e.  g.  Sing.  2. 
-db  3.-T(u.  Dual  2  -TO*/  3.-rwf.  Plur.  2.  Tt  3.-rw(j«j/.  hi  some 
few  verbs,  e.  g.  in  gtu  (i<7T»?jMt,)  the  vowel  is  lengthened,  (oTadc) 
grjOt ;  in  other  cases,  it  is  short,  e.  g.  dido  dldo'&i,  If  iidi  itiw,  &lc. 

When  another  {)  precedes,  the  last  is  changed  into  the  corres- 
ponding Tenuis  or  smooth  mute,  for  the  sake  of  euphony,  e.  g. 
TV(f&t]&t  rvq)&i]Tt^  Ti&edt  ridfri. 

The  Infinit.  in-vat  has  generally  in  other  cases,  the  vowel  pre- 
ceding the  -put  short.  In  the  Aorr.  Pass.,  however,  Timtjvcci, 
l.t'i'&rivat,^  and  in  OTrji>ui  &c.  the  vowel  is  long,  but  in  riOtvut, 
iGTavuc  &.C.  short. 

The  terminations  of  the  Participles  are  e-vx^eniXy-vrg-vTau-vrg. 
Hence,  when  the  Ground-form  is  added,  and  the  whole  form  reduc- 
ed, from  TVcp&fVTg,  TV(f)&iVTGu,  rvcfd^avrg,  we  obtain  zv(f{^flg 
-liaa  -tv.  In  the  Neuter,  rg  is  rejected  to  obtain  a  form  differ- 
ent from  the  Masculine.  In  the  same  manner,  do  dovxg,  d^g  -5aa 
-6v ;  GTCi  Gxavrg,  Grug  GTUGa  gtkv  ;  deiKvv  ditKvvvrg,  deinvvg 
vaa  vv. 

§  37.     The  Active  -without  Mood-vowels. 

The  conjugation  without  Mood-vowels,  which  is  also  the  origi- 
nal conjugation,  has  been  preserved  in  the  Verba  Pura,  commonly 
those  with  monosyllabic  roots  in-f-cc-o,  and  in  others  of  more  than 
one  syllable  in  f ;  e.  g.  cfa  (fi^]fxi^  demvv  dil'Avvf.ii.  In  the  unculti- 
vated dialects  this  was  the  case  in  Verba  Pura  of  every  kind  ;  e.  g. 
o^ao)  6Q^]f^it,,  qopHo  q6(Srjf.u,  &,c.  Under  this  conjugation  are  in- 
cluded in  the  Act.,  the  Praes.  Imperf.  and  Aor.  2.,  and  in  the 
Pass.,  the  Praes.  Imperf.  and  Aor.  2.  M.  In  addition  to  the  re- 
marks in  the  preceding  Paragraph,  some  few  observations  are 
here  necessary. 

We  employ  the  verbs  qa-o),  dfrnvv-co,  t-io,  do-o),  df-u),  whose 
roots  are  qu,  deoivv,  gt(x,  e,  do,  -&(.  Many  of  these  are  increased, 
in  the  Praes.  and  Imperf,.  by  prefixing  an  i,  which,  when  possible, 


66  C'OXJUCATIOX  OF  THE  AtriVt. 

is  preceded  bj  the  first  consonant  of  the  root ;  c.  g,  nrct,  i,  do,  &f ; 
iiiju,  if,  dido,  TtOf,  (not  niora  Oi\yf.) 

1.  Prat.  In  the  Sing,  the  terminations  are  irregular,  l--^i, 
2.-g,X-ai.  The  vowels  are  lengthened  before  ihe.-e  termina- 
tions; e.g.  qij-fti,  dfixi'V-^i,  I'artj-fit,  itj-ui,  didio-jui,  iiOr,-f.ii  -r,g 
-tjat.  The  conjugation  then  pioceeds  regularly  through  the  re- 
maining perss.  with  the  U!<Mal  termination*,  viz.  Dual -/•ff-ro*- -ro»' 
riur.  -fit i> -J f -i/T at ;  e.  g.  qa-fiit'  qu-rov  qu-TOv  qa-fit'f  qu-Tt 
{qa-fiat)  quai.  The  3  perss.  Plur.  are  quvxnt,  dfiawtrroi,  iaruv- 
rni,  ifvTOt,  fiidorrai,  riOtvrat.  From  these  original  forms,  the 
vr  may  be  rejected,  and  then  we  have  the  common  forms  qaai 
Sfmvvai.  InTuni  Wini  dtduot  tiiulat.  The  lonians  and  .Attics  re- 
ceived frequently  in  the  3  Plur.  an  a  in  place  of  »-  as  in  qvyoiuro 
for  qvyoivTO.  Ifin  the  forms  here  under  consideration,  besides 
the  reception  of  ft  for  v,  we  reject  the  t  before  o,  we  have  the 
Ionic-Attic forms^  dfixivaai  h'uai  didouai  rixttuai. 

NoTK.  Many  of  the  Ferta  pura,  with  roots  of  more  than  one 
syllable,  form  this  Prjes.  by  subjoining  -fpuni,  e.g.  ritruot  :ifTUPi- 
rui.  axfi)uo)  axff)ui-i>ffti ;  Mutes  and  Liquids  by  the  addition  of 
-vvfit,  e.g.  oof'y-vrfti  dflx-rviii  oiy-vrfti. 

2.  linperf.  and  .lor.  Both  tenses  have  the  terminations  of  the 
Aorr.  Pass.,  but  the  vowels  are  lengthened  only  in  the  .^^ingular. 
The  difference  between  these  two  tenses  consists  only  in  this,  that 
the  hnperf.  is  formcti  by  the  aid  of  the  prefixes  -/  -di  -rt  ;  the 
Aor.,  however,  is  formed  iVom  the  unaltered  root  ;  e  g.  Imperf. 
'iait]v,  from  iaf «  ,-  Aor.  tart; v,  from  (tt«  ,  Imperf.  tdidwr.  tVom 
Aido ;  Aor.  fdotv,  from  ^o.  The  prefix,  therefore,  distinguishes 
the  Imjierf.  from  the  Aor.  When  this  fails,  as  in  9  >,/</,  both  tense? 
cannot  be  I'nrmed.     The  conjugation  is  as  follows  ; 

Imperf  tdidt.n'  )  n  i> 

.Aor.  2.  toon-     ^ 

NoTK.  I.  Many  verba  pura,  which  otherwise  belong  to  the 
conjugation  with  the  Mood-vowel,  form  al<o  the  Aor.  2.  in  this 
manner;  e.g.  fiv-oi,  idiv  —  tdvaaf :  jiuliu),  iVom  [ia,  tjitjy  i  yty- 
vofoxto,  trom  yi>o,  tyiiDf. 

Note  2.  That  the  Moods  are  formed  in  the  manner  described 
when  treating  of  the  .Xorr.  Pass.,  has  boon  already  hinted;  and 
hero  al«o,  tlir  pretix  dislingui<lu.s  between  the   Pra-s.  and  Aor. 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  PASSIVE.  67 

Subjnnct.         Optat.  Imperat.  Infin.  Particip. 

Praes.     ti&m         riOfhjv         rliriTC  Tidivav  rUfflg 

Aor.  2.  -O^cul  {yeuji/  {deit)  df'g      {^ivut)  O^hvui,    xtelg 

Note  3.  All  the  remaining  tenses  are  formed,  in  the  usual 
manner,  from  the  root,  by  the  aid  of  the  Mood-vowels  ;  e.  g.  do, 
dojacD,  dtdbincc,  &;c.  Irregular  are  from  rl&7]f^u,  the  Aor.  1.  Act. 
id^t]K(x,  M.  l&t]KUf.u]v,  Perf  Act.  rtd^fina,  Pass.  Tt&nf.iai,  Plusqpf. 
he&ei/.it^i' ;  from  (J/d'to/u,  Aor.  1.  Act.  tdcDnci,  M.  idconu^Jiv. 

§  38.   The  Passive  without  Mood-vowels. 

The  Pass,  here  has  no  peculiar  terminations,  but  those  merely 
of  the  Conjugation  with  Mood-vowels.  But,  as  the  terminations 
are  subjoined  immediately  to  the  Ground-forms,  the  Conjugation 
proceeds  with  regularity,  and  calls  for  but  few  additional  observa- 
tions. 1.  This  conjugation  extends  itself  only  to  the  Prges.  and 
Imperf ,  and  in  some  verbs,  to  the  Aorr.  2.  M.  The  remaining 
tenses  have  the  Mood-vowels,  e.  g.  Tidi-fiocv  -out  -rat,  kc.  iziSi 
-/.t7]v  -GO  -TO,  &c.  fdf'fArjv  -GO  -TO,  &c.  It  must  be  understood 
here,  also,  that  the  Aor.  can  be  found  only  where  the  prefix- 
es t  dt  TO  are  admissible,  which  distinguish  the  Imperf.  from  the 
Aor. 

2.  In  the  2d.  perss.,  the  g  is  generally  retained  ;  it  is  dropped 
in  some  instances  in  the  Imperf  and  in  the  Imperat.,  and  frequent- 
ly in  the  Optat ;  e.  g.  from  ror>;|uat,  Imperat.  IWaoo,  more  fre- 
quently 'iGTOi ;  Optat.  iGToio,  &c. 

3.  The  Subjunct.  is  found  here  also  with  the  Mood-vowel  and 
contracted;  e.g.  Ti6io)^(ui,  Tidw/Ltai;  zidtrj,  xiOri ;  riQi^irai,  n- 
dtjrai.  But  in  the  contraction  here,  there  is  this  peculiar  y  that 
orj  becomes  w;  and  at],  ri ;  e.g.  d'idoa>iAat  didwfiai,  did'otj  didat, 
StdotjTai,  didaJTui,  iGzafj  lory}.     The  same  is  true  in  the  Act. 

4.  Moreover,  many  of  the  Verba  Pura  follow  the  analogy  of 
this  conjugation  in  the  Pass,  only,  and  in  the  Act.  have  the  regular 
Mood-vowels;  e.  g.  7itTaf.iat,  nira  -fiat  -oat  -Tat;  d'vvafA.at -oat 
-rat.  In  the  same  manner,  neJ^at,  dl^rif.iat,  o'i[j.at,  Imperf  Mf.iviv, 
&c. 

§  39.  Paradigm  of  the  Active. 
The  Homeric  do  not  differ  frequently  from  the  common  forms. 
In  the  Passive,  if  we  except  the  frequent  omission  of  the  Augment 


68  FARADIGM  OF  THE  ACTIVE. 

and  the  uncontracted  form  of  the   Aor.  Imperat.  Oto,  avfOeo,  the 
comniou  aud  Hynieric  forms  coincide. 


Indicai 

[.  Pracs. 

S.  lid 

-tjlU 

-^,-  Horn. 

did 

'  -Otftl 

-log  H.  01  <;  oigda 

i'5  -»;ut 

-t,at 

-oiai  H. 

0* 

-r,at. 

D. 

-fftlV 
-fTOP 

-Oftfv 
-otov 

-UftfV 

-ccrov 

P. 

-fUfV 

-f[f 
-flat 

-OU(i> 

-oil 
-uni 

-uiuv 

-UT( 

-uai 

Subjunctive. 

S.   TtO 

-Hi 

did 

-m 

Ig  -10 

D. 

-01 
-lilflfV 

-tig 
-toufv 

I) 

-f,tf 
-ion  I 

-IDTOV 
-OtfUl' 

-tori 
-(oni 

-f'lOV 
-OIKfV 
-t',l{ 

-I'tat 

S.  !/.•> 

-fit,  I' 

did 

Optative. 
-ou;v 

ig  -uir,v 

-"'»,*' 

-ohjg 

-ult}g 

-(it) 

-oh) 

-ah) 

D. 

-fItjftfV 

-fhjiov 
-ni)rt)v 

-oltjitfv 
-olt/iov 
-oit)ir,v 

-uhififv  II. 

-ttlt)TO¥ 
-ttl>itli¥ 

ulftti 

-tir,iuv 

-oh;ufv 

-ui),ufv  H. 

-uiiifv 

-tir,tf 

-oltjif  H 

.  -oUf 

-uu,tf 

-uirl 

-ihjfiav 

-oi»,oav 

-ultv 

-U(l,l»«l' 

-uifv 

Tia 

-ft  I 

did 

linyeralive. 
-uOi  11.  -loOi 

i?  -uOi  II.  -»; 

-u 

-{'no  I^C. 

-Otli)  ikc. 

-mo  i:c. 

Infinitive. 

7l{f    - 

nui  11  -»; 

until   dtd-uiut  II 

1.  -HI  1(1 

1^  -Ul  U(    11.  -u 

/(.')«« 

nli 

-//-.■ 

did 

I'artic 

ipU. 

'■;  -«? 

PARADIGM  OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


Indicat. 

Impi 

^rf. 

-IjV 

idid~Mv 

IGI 

-t]V 

-tjg 

-OiQ 

-vs 

-,;  H. 

-11 

-to  H.  ov 

-7]  H.  -ttffKf 

-ififi/ 

-0(.l£V 

-ttf.lfV 

~£TOV 

-01  OP 

-UTOV 

-tTr^v 

-ornv 

-UTt]V 

-tfitv 

-OfllV 

-UfifV 

-iT£ 

-ore 

-axe 

-tauv 

-oaav 

-uaav 

S.  i& 


p. 


-i]v                    id 

1  -wf  H.  ooaxot 

-»;? 

-wg 

-V 

-co         doa^e 

-{(.UP 

-0(.UP 

-{TOP 

-OTOV 

-ITTjV 

-6x7]  P 

-IfAfV 

-Of.ap 

-iT£ 

-oxe 

-eaapW.  S^taaau 

-OGCCV 

Subjunctive. 

H.  -dot 

3-M 

•      -ilrig 

-Mg 

fg  -7]v 
-rjg 
-V 

-1JT0V 

-rixriv 

-f]fiiV 
-1JX€ 

-viaav 


-rig  H.  -ririg 
-T]        -ili]  -o)  li.-o')t]Gi -(^)at -Mr]   -7]  -jjrj       [^iiv 

D.  -Mfiev  -elofAep  -ioif-up  &.C.  -wfxfp  -cjo^uv  Sic,        -m/hip  -ilofxiv  -e'co- 
3  PI.  -Mat  3  PI.  -(oGt     -o'joiGt      3  PI.  -mgi 

Optative. 

H.  Plur.  H.  Plur. 

{i^  -ilfjv  SiC.     \.-67fitp       d  -oh]p  &c.    h-o7fifv         g  -aiT]P  &c. 

3.  -flza  2.  -o7x6 

3  PI.  -fir]aav  3.  -i7iv  3  PI.  -oh]Gav     3.  -o7iv    3  F\.-ait]accv  H.-a?if  j/ 

Imperative. 
^       -eg  d  -6g  g  -t}&v    . 

-i'xO)  &C.  -6xM  &C.  -I^XM  &c. 

10 


70 


PARADIGM  OF  THE  PASSIVE. 


Infinitive. 
9  -mat  W.-t^itvui  -tfAiv     d  -uvui  \l.-6fi(vut  -ouiv   q  -r,vai  \\.-y,iitiai 

I'ariicipU. 


40.      Paradigm  of  t lie  Passive. 
Indicative  PrcEs. 


S.  t/\>  -fftai 

did 

-o^ui 

i'cr  -ituttt 

-taut 

-onai 

-aaai 

-fttti 

-OlttC 

-aiui 

D.         -f'ufOov 

-Oftf&oy 

-apf9ov 

-rnOov 

-oaOov 

-ua&ov 

P.         -f'fitOuW. 

-t'ltioOa 

-6^f{>a 

-uutOa 

-fa&f 

-oaOe 

-ua&f 

-ivxai 

-OVTttt 

Subjunctive. 

-avrai 

>.  riO-  -oifiut 

did 

-OtttUl 

ig  -oiuat 

fj 

-10 

T^ 

/;  I  C(t 

-lorai 

-fjrat 

D.                 l<',Uf{f0V 

-MftfOov 

-litfl{{>OV 

-»;•)  >'''>!' 

-luaxior 

-fiaOov 

P           -i>'tuf{^a 

-to^iOa 

-wtiii^a 

-ijaOf 

-aia&f 

-t'a{}f 

-b)viai 

-litVTUl 

Optative. 

-un  rai 

S.  r/t>  -iif.n]v 

did 

-oifit;v 

ig  -alfttiy 

-HO 

-oio 

-ttlo 

-tho 

-oho 

-ttho 

n.      'fi'ufftov 

-oifuOov 

-{tlufOof 

-fln{}ny 

-o'laOov 

-ulaOui' 

-ilo{h,v 

-olnOtjv 

-alnOtjf 

?.           -fifitOct 

-otftfOa 

-alufOa 

-tla&t 

-olnOi 

-a7a\tf 

-ilvro 

-olno 

-aivro 

PARADIGM  OF  THE  PASSIVE. 


71 


Imperative. 

Tl& 

-f(TO  (ov) 

did  -oao  {ov) 

i'g 

-aao  {(a) 

-fWw  &c. 

-oa&ia  kc. 
Infinitive. 

-aa&oi  &c. 

T/t9- 

-fff^at 

dld-OG&ttt, 

Participle. 

'i? 

-aa&at 

TlO-    -. 

tf-UDog  H.  - 

rif.uvog     8i8-6(.uvog 

Indicative  Imperf. 

k 

-afxivog 

S.  hi& 

-f'^TJV 

fdcd  -0f.it jv 

i? 

-Ufiriv 

-f(Jo  (on) 

-oao  {ou) 

-aao  {o)) 

-fTO 

-OTO 

-UTO 

D. 

-f'lwe^ov 

-Of4{&OV 

-ocfii&ov 

-fa^ov 

-oadov 

-uad^ov 

-fW?;i/ 

-oa&Tjf 

-da&tjv 

P. 

-i'fie^cc 

-o^if&u 

-Uf.l{&C( 

-la^s 

-oa&e 

-cca&e 

-ivro 

-OVTO 

Indicat.     A  or.  2. 

-avTO 

S.  i& 

-I GO  {ov) 
-6T0 

id  -Of.u]u 
-oao  {ov) 

-OTO 

D. 

-f'<(6i>0l/ 

-ea&ov 
-t'adtjv 

-6f.lfd-0V 

-oa&ov 
-oadtjv 

?. 

-tfiidtt 

-iode 

-tvzo 

-Ofiida 
-oada 

-OVTO 

Subjunctive. 

S.  f> 

d  -(OfAOit 

-Mfxedov  &C.            -b}(.lid0V  &c. 

3  PI. 

-(OVTV.t 

3  PI.  -oipTCCi 

72  UECIXSSIOS  AND  PR0X01K8. 

Optative. 

&  -ti^ir,v  i:C.  3  PI.  -^?iTO      d  -oiur,v  &C.  ?>  PI.  -o'tvTO 

q-uiurt¥  &C.  ;■>  PI   -OM'io 
Iiiipcrntiit. 
0       -too  -t:   \\.  -fit  S  -onu     -« 

-I'adut  iic.  -oadio  Sec. 

Injimt.  nil'/   ParlicifK 

■0  -f'adai  d  -oadui  &  -fftifog  d  -o^i/ioe 


SMALLKK    PAKADIC.MS 

riio.M  iU).Mi:i: 

§   II.      Declensions  and  Pronoun>. 

The  Paradigms  of  the  Declensions  are  intended  to  exhibit  ihr 
forms  of  Nouns  in  Homer,  although  the  forms  of  the  particular 
Nouns  here  employed  may  not  be  found,  some  of  which  are  evi- 
dently inconsistent   with  the   measure   of  the  verse;    e.  g.  ui//(« 


s. 

n^tt) 

atx^u]xr,q  tt 

nurjg 

7J<fl 

aiXH'Jf^" 

«o 

"/<r; 

im 

ttixfi',rt; 

jtunv 

tuyuf,Tt,v 

ittitj 

Kt'xf'  >,  f « 

n. 

nita 
nita'iv 

aixft>,m^t 

P. 

nfial 

ttiyfit;ttti 

Tiiiaoif 

t'ftV 

lOV 

tt!yut]xtttiiv 

not- 

Tiut,at 

>'!<; 

«7v* 

nixfttirt',ni 

»"» 

Ttf4U^ 

«i'jf/<r;io^" 

dfttl^  Od. 


DECLENSIONS  AND  PRONOUN? 


S.    avifiog 

ttVifAOV      010       0(f- 

avt'i-to)     o(fiv 
dvff^iov    ocpiv 
€ipff.t6     og 
D.  «Vf'/(o) 

ave'i-ioiv    o'l'iv 

UffftOl 

avt'{.io)v 
avffxoioi     oig 
uvf'f.iovg 


Forms  oi^  vtog  added  from  theGr.  §  185.  [Tr. 
If  Sinof. 


P. 


ogjiv 


S.    li'cov 
XiovTog 
XiovTv 
Xiovra 
li'ov 

D.    li'oVTS 

XeovTOcv 
P.   Uovreg 

XiOVTOiV 

kfovTiaat  Xisat, 
kiovrag 

Forms  of  itu^t] 

N.  

G.  it^UTOg  KQCiTlOCpi 

D.  ugari 
Ac.  x^uza 

N.  

G.  XQttTOiV 

D.  nQaol 
Ac.  


N.  vlog 
G.  vlov 
D. 
Ac.  vlov 

N.  Ac. 

N. 

G.  vlojv 
D.  vIoIgcv 
Ac  viovg 
V. 


viog 
vh 
via 
Dual. 
vh 
•Plur. 


vtaab 

viag 

vieg 


III. 
jsl^og 

rei^eog  svaqio  eaqi 
xeixe'i  rji  fG(fi 
reTj^og 


viiog 
vli'i'    vii7 
Vita 


viteg  viitg 

vitbiv 


xst^og 

reiltoiv 

Tiixea  ^ 

xHiiwv  saqi 

added  from  the  Gr.  §  19^.     [Tk.] 
Sing.  ^  '     * 

v.aQ7i  

HQaaxog       nag^^rog       xaQi'jccTOg 
nguaro         naQy]ri         KaQrian 

xap»?  '■ 


vitag 
viilg 


noXtg 

noXiog  fog  Tjog 
ttoXh  el  tfi' 
nohu 
noli 
noht 
noVioiv 
noXifg  7]ig 
nolioiv 
noXtfoot 
TxoKcag  ecg  riag 


Plur. 


HQfXDlTa 


'/.aQilivoiv 


74 


UF.CLE>SIO\S  AND  PRONOUN* 


Pronouns. 

Sing. 

N. 

iyuiv  tytti 

ivtti]  av 

G. 

iuio  t'uflo 

nto  atlo 

To  eio 

tfifi'  ^ev 

OIV    OfV 

IV  iv 

tfti'Ofv 

af'dfv  jfo'io 

id  IV 

D. 

t/40i   flOl 

not   rot 

Till' 

tOl    0* 

oi 

Ac. 

iftt  nf 

at  at 

Dual. 

t'f 

i\. 

oqin 

G. 

VliHf 

aqouv 

D. 

vcoi'v 

aqiHi'i'  aqfiiy 

nq(<)'ii 

Ac. 

»'<U 

aqio 

aqoi 

IIDI 

(Tfjf  (1)  J 

Fliir. 

aqotf 

N. 

G. 

TjttflDV      tifitnov 

VfXfMV      V^fllOf 

oq  nof 
aqtcov 

aqtioir 
(fqotv 

D. 

UftUlf    U^lttt 

I' till  If        t  IIUl 

aqiat  ■ 

-V     nqiai  -v 

tj^tV        >iUlV 

VUU' 

aqiv 

aqtv 

JiUlV 

aq, 

Ac. 

u^Hf 

7''!' 

aqt'ag 

aqfttg 

r,^uu< 

vftta^ 

aqug 

aqt 

/'/<«s 

.^   hi.      fiin  rum,   Rnot   i'  -w. 

Those  forms  only  of  the    followiiij?:  verhs,  which  occur  in  Ho- 
mer, are  exhibited. 

Frets.  Indicat. 
Sino:.  1.  liiil     f.  u^  iani    3.  Air/.      Dual  3.  ttrtov.     J'iur    I.  // 
ui¥     t.  tntf     3  n'ai  tuGt. 

Subjunctivf. 
Sing.  1.  tot  f'tw  in  uiitia  II.  23.  iJ7.     'i.en,>;     J.  itjai  t^ai  ti;  ft*, 
I'lur.  3.  iujoi  iont 


HOMERIC  FORMS.  7& 

Optative. 
Sing-.  1.  ftt]v     2.  fhjg  ioig     3.  iit]  toi.     Plur.  2.  fire     3.  fifv. 

Sing.  2.  f  ffa  for  * oao  Od.  3.  200.     3.  taro).     Plur.  2.  age  3  i'gwv. 

Infinitive   and  Participle. 
fjAfvao       tf.if.apai       tfuv       tfifitv       fivac  iojv        oiv 

Imperfect. 

Sing.  1.  id  ^a  iov  ea«ov  2.  ftjada  ^ada  3.  eijv  tjrjv  riiv  riv 
i'ane.  Dual  3.  7] azfjv.  Plur.  1.  r/fiev  2.  ??Te  3.  ioccp  i]G«v  itaro 
Od.  20.  106. 

Future    Indicat. 

Sing.  l.tGOfiat  eaaofiat  2.  faeat  i'aj;  taGiat  3.  tatxat  tarav 
laaerai,  tGaihai.  Dual  3.  tGeGdov.  Plur.  l.iGOfiiGda  ioGOfieda 
2.  taiGde     3.  iGOvrut  fOGOvrac. 

Injinit.  and   Particip. 
tofGdat  fGGiGSat,  iGGOfifvog 

§  43.     qttjfil     Root  cpa  -co. 

Prces.  Indicat, 
Sing.  1.  ^jjjMt  2.  ifrjg  3.  ^>?(t/.     Plur.  1.  (pafii'v  2.  gD«7-t  3.  ^ctff/ 

Optative. 
Sing.  1.  (fali]v     2.  qairjg     3.  ^«t7j.     Plur.  1.  (foifiiv 

Infinit.  ^fti/at  Particip.  gxi? 

Imperfect. 

Sing.  l.iq)t]v  (pTJv  iifaanov  2.  iqi7]g  iq)r]Gda  (frig  qtJGdcc  fcpaa- 
Ktg  3.  e(f:7]  gjTj  i<fiaGK£.  Plur.  1.  tpccfiev  2.  qpare  3.  tcpuGav  i(f>av 
cpttGttv  qav. 

Some  forms  in  the  Mid. 

Imperf.  Sing.  1.  f'qcftjMJ/j/ ^ajMTjv  2.  qpao  3.  icparo  q)o(TO  Plur. 
2.  qiaodt     3.  f'quvro  quvzo. 

Imperat.  Sing.  2.  ^ao     3.  cpaGdoi.     Plur.  2.  qiaade. 

Particip.  qufifvog.     Infiuit.  cpaadctc 


(t>  IIOMCRIC  FORMS. 

§  44.    fiiii  to,  Roots  t-0)  7-i'>  fi-oi. 

Pras.      Indicat. 
Sing.  l./7i<t     2.  ficidu     3.  tlai.     Plur.  I.  i«<*i'     2.'iif     S.'iaot. 

SubjunctiTe. 
Sinfi^.  1. /tij     .l.niada     3.itjaitr].     ?\ur.  i.  lountiuiu,      .).iu,nt. 
Optat.  Sing.  .3.  ioi  fir,.     Imperat.  Sing.'  2.  id*  3.  i'toj.       Plur.  2. 
trf.      Infinit.  iutvai  iun'  initi.      Particip.  kov. 

I  III  J I  erf. 

Sing.  1.  t',i'oi'  r'i'i'tt  2.  i'l'i'fg  'iig  3.  iji't  Tjf  iV  t,n  the  last  some- 
iimes  conjiidered  as  a  Plii»(|pf.  Dual  3.  tTr,v.  Piur.  1.  i',uufv 
3.  tji'ot'  tnur   tjiour. 

Sonne  Pa.s.s.  or  Mid.  forms. 

PraBS.  Indicat.  3  Plur.  itvTui,  Imperat.  uadi.  Particip.  itfii- 
voc.  Fut.  M.  ."^itig.  1.  uaoiiui  3.  tiairai,  Aor.  1.  M.  tiauio 
ffiauTo.  Dual  3.  tfinaadr,t>.  Particip.  iiaaftivo-i  t:utiGu^tyf}  II. 
21.  424. 

§  45.       tJau  fji.ttti  from  the  root  i' -i». 

Indicat.  Aor.  Sing.  .5.  ^Ta^i' ^Ta^.  P\ur.  ■'>.  finup  M.  3  Sing. 
if'aaaTo- 

Imperat.  Sing.  2.  tlaoi'     -M.  i'qtaaui  Od.  15.  277. 

lotinit. /grf(TOu(  Od.  13.274.  Particip.  *oos'  M.  tqiaaufifvog 
Od.  16,  443. 

Perf.  Pass.  Siog.l.  >;««<  2.  tjnat.  3.  tjnrut.  Plur.  1. /;/(;fl«  2. 
*;a6f     3.  tuTtti  ijttTUi  f'i'ajui. 

Imperat.  Sing.  2.  tjao.     In6n.  i,nBui.     Particip.  i';fiffog. 

Plusqpt".  Sing.  1.  »/«»;»'  2.  ^aro.  Dual  v>.  ;;afli;r.  F^lur.  1. 
t;itf6a     3.  i'aro  t'l'ctio   ijvro. 


GREEK  LANGUAGE  AND  ITS  DIALECTS. 


EXTRACTED    FROM 


BUTTM ANN'S  AUSFUEHRLICHE  GRAMMATIK 
p.   1—9. 


1.  The  Greek  Language  {qiojvi]  ilXrjVixrj)  anciently  was  not 
confined  to  Greece,  but  was  spread  abroad  over  a  considerable 
portion  of  Asia  Minor,  southern  Italy,  Sicily,  and  other  regions 
where  Greek  colonies  were  established.  Like  all  other  langua- 
ges, the  Greek  had  its  ditferent  dialects,  {diaXinroi).,  all  of  which 
however  may  be  reduced  to  two,  the  Doric  \i]  doQiari^  doQig^)  and 
the  Ionic  (?y  io)viy.r)^  /«?,)  spoken  originally  by  the  two  principal 
Greek  tribes,  the  Dorians  and  the  lonians. 

2.  The  Doric  tribe  was  the  largest,  and  the  parent  of  the  great- 
est number  of  colonies.  Thus  the  Doric  dialect  prevailed  in  the 
whole  interior  of  Greece,  in  Italy,  and  in  Sicily.  Its  sounds  were 
harsh,  and  owing  to  the  frequent  recurrence  of  the  long  «,  made 
an  impression  on  the  ear  which  the  Greeks  denominated  nXuTiL- 
uofAog  (broad  pronunciation.)  As  a  whole  it  attained  to  a  less  de- 
gree of  cultivation  than  the  Ionic.  The  ^olic  (>;  kIoXiki].  aioklg) 
was  a  branch  of  the  Doric,  and  in  the  jEolic  colonies  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  in  the  neighbouring  islands,  (Lesbos,  &c.,)  attained  at  an 
early  age  to  a  considerable  degree  of  refinement,  which  however 
was  probably  confined  to  poetry. 

11 


78  <.RF,EK    LAXOIACK 

3.  The  principal  resirJence  of  the  Ionic  tribe  in  the  earliest 
times  was  Attica.  From  this  rrg'ion  they  sent  torth  their  colonies 
to  the  shores  of  Asia  Minor.  As  these  colonies,  earlier  than  the 
mother  country,  and  indeed  earlier  than  all  the  other  Greek*,  were 
in  many  respects  cultivated  and  refined,  the  ternis  lonians,  Ionic, 
were  u<ed  hy  way  of  eminence  to  denote  them  and  their  dialect, 
and  finally  were  exclusively  appropriated  to  them.  The  original 
lonians  in  Attica  were  now  called  Jluics,  .lihenians.  The  Ionic 
dialect,  owing  to  the  multiplicity  of  vowels,  is  the  softest  of  all 
The  Attic  (»;  uniytt],  aifllg).  which  was  cultivated  at  a  later  peri- 
od, soon  surpassed  them  all  ;  avoiding,  by  Attic  skill  and  dexteri- 
ty, both  the  Doric  roughness  and  the  Ionic  effeminacy.  Although 
Attica  was  the  mother  country,  the  Ionic,  even  of  those  .\siatic  col- 
onies, is  nevertheless  regarded  as  the  parent  of  the  Attic,  because 
the  Ionic  was  cultivated  at  a  period,  when  it  had  departed  the 
least  tVom  the  dialect  of  their  common  parent,  the  old  Ionic. 

fs'ote  I.  The  dexterity  displayed  by  the  Attics  in  the  manage- 
ment of  their  dialect  is  most  obvious  in  its  syntax.  Here  the  Attic 
dialect  is  distinguished,  not  only  from  the  other  dialects,  but  also 
from  every  other  language,  by  an  apposite  brevity,  by  bringing 
together,  with  great  effect,  the  principal  points  of  interest,  anJ  by 
a  moderation  in  asserting  and  judging,  which  passed  from  the  po- 
lite tone  of  society  into  the  language  itsell'. 

.Xote  2.  Another  circumstance  which  renders  the  Attic  dialect 
so  attractive,  and  which  has  been  noticed  by  few,  is  its  regard  for 
peculiarity  of  idiom,  and  the  love  which  the  Athenians  cherished 
for  this  and  for  distinct  national  characteristics  in  general.  How- 
ever advantageous  for  the  understanding,  and  congenial  to  the 
sense  of  beauty,  a  language  may  be,  which  proposes  for  itself  a  cor- 
rect logic,  pursues  a  fixed  aiul  consistent  analogy,  and  employs 
pleasing  sounds,  all  these  advantages  are  nevertheless  lifeless  and 
inefficient  without  the  above  mentioned  charm.  This  consists 
in  the  sacrifice  of  fundamental  laws,  especially  of  logic  and  of  gen- 
eral analogy,  to  peculiar  forms  or  idioms,  which  have  their  origin 
partly  in  certain  characteristics  of  the  nation,  and  partly,  beyond 
a  doubt,  in  an  ipprehrtision  of  the  fundamental  rules  not  entirely 
conformed  to  that  of  the  schools.  In  this  manner  anomalies 
had  lound  their  way  into  the  Attic  dialed,  as  is  the  case  in  all 
languages,  in   rrgard    to    which   liowcver   the   cultivated   writers 


AND  ITS  DIALECTS.  79 

were  not  disposed  to  make  a  change,  out  of  regard  for  antiquity 
and  for  the  ears  of  the  people  accustomed  to  such  forms  and  ex- 
pressions, and,  as  we  have  already  observed,  from  their  love  of 
that  peculiarity  of  idiom  which  gives  to  their  dialect  an  mdividual 
and  distinct  existence.  When  irregularities  or  anomalies  mingle 
themselves  with  the  daily  idioms  and  expressions  in  other  langua- 
ges, it  is  regarded  as  an  indication  of  inaccuracy  and  want  of  skill ; 
in  the  Attics  however,  who  are  so  skilful  and  dexterous,  it  is  re- 
garded rather  as  an  unwillingness  to  make  the  correction.  They 
felt  that  by  rejecting  these  anomalies  they  would  deprive  the  lan- 
^guage  of  the  impress  of  a  natural  production,  which  every  lan- 
'guage  really  is,  and  would  give  it  the  appearance  of  a  work  of  art, 
which  a  language  never  can  be.  Obviously  therefore  we  cannot 
here  be  supposed  to  speak  of  intentional  anomalies,  by  means  of 
which  a  language  receives  the  appearance  of  a  mere  plaything  or 
toy,  however  ready  the  ancient  Grammarians  frequently  were  to 
advance  such  a  mode  of  explanation. 

Koie  3.  Other  branches  of  the  above  mentioned  dialects,  as  the 
Bmotian^  Laconian^T'hessaiian^  &c.  are  known  only  from  single  words 
and  forms,  from  scattered  records,  from  inscriptions,  &:c. 

4.  We  must  admit  an  ancient  primitive  Greek  language  as  the 
common  parent  of  all  the  dialects.  Of  this  primitive  language  we 
can  obtain,  or  more  properly  speaking,  suppose,  certain  forms,  on- 
ly by  means  of  philological  research  under  the  guidance  of  phi- 
losophy. Every  dialect  has  retained  naturally  more  or  less  of  this 
primitive  language,  and  every  one  must  also  yet  retain  many  forms, 
which  in  the  others  have  passed  into  desuetude  and  been  gradual- 
ly lost.  This  circumstance  sufficiently  explains  how  the  Gramma- 
rians can  speak  of  Doricisms,  Jilolicisms,  and  even  Atticisms,  in 
Homer,  whose  language  was  the  old  Ionic.  In  general,  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  designate  forms  and  expressions  by  the  name  of  the  dia- 
lect in  which  they  most  frequently  occurred,  although  not  exclu- 
sively confined  to  this  dialect.  Thus  we  explain  the  Doricisms, 
as  they  are  called,  which  occur  in  the  Attic  writers,  and  the  Attic 
forms,  met  with  in  writers  by  no  means  Attic. 

5.  To  this  same  primitive  language  belong  also,  for  the  most 
part,  the  forms,  &c.  usually  denominated  poetical  licenses.  It  is  true 
indeed  the  poet  contributes  largely  to  the  formation  of  a  language. 
Through  his  efforts  the  language  first  becomes  a  harmonious,  ex- 


80  OBEEK    LAJfcrACr 

prcs'ive,  and  copious  uholc.  FJiit  the  poet  will  npver  a??nmp. 
without  rpfjarH  to  the  |.revioii«;Iy  exi'^lms:  materials  »"''  finaloiry  of 
tho  Inns^iiasre.  th"  forms  md  ••xprp*'-«inn<»  »vhich  he  find-;  necessary. 
Thi<  would  bo  the  surest  way  to  displea>^e  The  oldest  Greek  po- 
et" made  a  selection  from  the  various  forms  then  actually  in  u?e, 
according  to  the  »'xi<»'ence«  of  the  case.  Many  of  these  forms  he- 
came  Mh^olete  in  course  of  lime.  But  the  later  poets,  who  had 
their  anrieni  hrelhren  ronstiintly  hefnre  their  eVes  as  models,  would 
not  •'uhmit  to  he  «leprived  of  this  trea«ure.  Thus  those  forms 
which  originally  were  m  actual  use,  became  in  reality  poetical  pe- 
culiarities, or,  a«  they  are  called,  licenses.  They  are  therefore, 
Id  such  a  cane,  with  propriety,  numbered  anionic  the  dialects. 

A'ote  t.  This  however  mu«t  not  be  so  understood,  as  if  every  sin- 
gle word  which  occurs  in  the  older  poets,  was  once  actually  u*ed 
in  commoii  life.  Thf  riirht  which  even  the  modern  poets  assume,  in 
the  most  copious  lan^uaares,  of  formiiigr  new  words,  and  of  mould- 
inj?  anew  those  already  extant,  mu^t  certainly  be  conceded  to  the 
ancient  poets  in  those  times  of  poverty.  The  materials  howev- 
er, and  the  form,  they  did  not  assume  ofthemselves.  They  were 
indebted  for  these  to  the  store-house  itself  and  the  analogy  of  the 
language.  It  need  scarcely  be  observed  that  the  liberty  of  round- 
ing and  polishing,  to  a  certain  degree,  the  forms  in  common  use, 
cannot  be  denied  to  those  who  must  necessarily  consult  euphony, 
and  who  are  fettered  by  the  rules  of  metre. 

6.  In  most  of  the  cultivated  nations,  one  of  their  dialects  usual- 
ly becomes  the  language  of  literature  and  of  polished  circles.  In 
Greece  however,  this  was  not  immediately  the  case.  Here  there 
was  no  considerable  cultivation  or  refinement  until  the  several 
states,  separated  by  local  and  political  circumstances,  assumed  an 
independeiit  existence.  Poetry  and  prose  therefore,  until  about 
the  time  of  .Mexander,  were  composed  in  the  vernacular  dialect  of 
the  authors,  or  in  that  to  which  they  m.iy  have  given  the  prefer- 
ence. Thus  were  produced  /oniV,  .V.olic,  Doric  and  .Ittic  poets  and 
prose  wi  Iters,  of  whose  productions  more  or  less  have  descended 
to  our  times. 

Aoje  6  The  ijreat  works  of  art  alone,  which  attracted  univer- 
sal attention,  such  as  epic  and  dramatic  poetry,  were  here  an  ex- 
ception. The  original  authors  of  these  availed  thenieelves,  no 
doubt,  of  their  vernacular  dialect  ;  but,  for  a  later  poet  to  attcmpl 


AND  ITS  DIALECTS.  81 

a  mere  copy  of  the  same  in  anotlier  dialect,  would  not  only  have 
required  an  equal  degree  of  invention  and  talent,  but  would  also 
have  proved  to  no  purpose,  since  the  Greeks  of  every  tribe  or  na- 
tion were  already  familiar  with  these  forms  and  tones  in  this  spe- 
cies of  composition,  and  were  unable  to  separate  the  one  from  the 
other.  The  dialect  in  which  the  first  master-pieces  were  written, 
remained  the  appropriate  dialect  of  that  species.   Vid.  Text  10.  11. 

J\''ote  6.  To  the  Ionic  dialect  belong  the  most  ancient  poets,  viz. 
Homer,  Hesiod,  Theognis,  &,c.  who  wrote  in  that  apparently  mix- 
ed dialect  which  approaches  the  nearest  to  the  most  ancient  lan- 
guage of  Greece,  and  which  afterwards  remained  the  poetical  di- 
alect in  most  kinds  of  poetical  composition.  The  proper,  but 
younger  Ionic  is  found  in  the  prose  writers,  among  whom  Herodotus 
and  Hippocrates  were  the  most  eminent,  although  both  were  na- 
tive Dorians.  For  the  Ionic  dialect,  on  account  of  its  peculiar 
softness  and  early  cultivation,  had  already  been  extensively  circu- 
lated, and  employed  both  in  poetry  and  prose,  especially  in  Asia 
Minor. 

Note  7.  Lyric  poets  are  met  with  in  all  the  dialects.  The 
most  ancient  and  most  celebrated,  however,  were  Cohans.  At 
the  head  of  these  stood  Sappho  and  Alcaeus,  of  whose  composi- 
tions, only  a  {e\v  fragmentary  remains  have  escaped  the  ravages 
of  time.  Anacreon,  of  whom  also  are  only  a  {ew^  in  part  mutila- 
ted and  in  part  doubtful,  remains,  wrote  in  the  Ionic.  Most  of  the 
remaining  Lyric  poets  composed  in  the  Doric,  creating  for  them- 
selves, at  pleasure,  every  one  his  own  language,  from  the  various 
forms  of  this  widely  t^xtended  dialect.  Pindar  is  the  only  one  of 
these  last  of  whom  any  thing  entire  has  reached  us. 

Note  8.  But  ^e\\  prose  writings  in  the  Doric  dialet  are  extant, 
and  those  principally  of  a  mathematical  and  philosophical  nature. 
For  the  Attic  writers  see  the  following  notes. 

7.  In  the  mean  lime  Athens  had  arisen  to  such  political  impor- 
tance as  to  assert  a  kind  of  supremacy  in  Greece,  and  was  at  the 
same  time  the  focus  of  all  scientfic  culture.  Their  unmixed  de- 
mocracy secured  to  the  exercise  of  eloquence  and  to  the  dramat- 
ic exhibitions,  that  freedom  which,  in  connexion  with  other  advan- 
tages, elevated  to  the  highest  pitch,  not  those  branches  alone  of 
literature,  but  the  other  kindred  pursuits  also  of  history  imd  phi- 


82  4.RECK  LANGlAoK 

I(wophy,  anJ  gave  to  tho  Attic  dialect  a  perfection  anJ  a  copious- 
ness which  no  other  dialect  attained. 

JVote'i).  The  principal  prose  writers  (of  the  poets  we  shall 
speak  presently)  of  thi«  golden  age  of  Attic  literature,  are  Thu- 
cydides,  Xcnophon,  Plato,  Isocrates,  Demosthenes,  and  the  other 
Orators. 

8.  Greeks  of  every  tribe  and  nation  resorted  now  to  Athens  to 
receive  instruction.  In  the  most  extended  and  cultivated  tields  of 
literature,  the  Attic  master  pieces  were  proposid  as  models.  In 
consequence  of  this,  as  soon  as  Greece  became  pulitically  one  un- 
der the  Macedonian  monarchy,  the  Attic  dialect  became,  in  a  short 
time,  the  language  of  the  court  and  of  li'erature.  The  prose  wri- 
ters of  all  Greece  now  composed  almost  exclusively  in  this  dialect. 
From  this  time  it  was  taught  in  the  school*,  and  the  Grammarians 
decided,  from  iheso  modeU,  what  was  pure  .Attic  and  what  was  not. 
The  central  point  of  this  later  Greek  literature,  was  established 
under  the  Ptolemies  at  Alexandria  in  Kgypt. 

9.  The  Atlir  dialect,  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  enjoying  an 
universal  reception,  began,  as  we  might  expect,  gradually  to  lose 
its  «riginal  purity.  Authors  either  mingled  with  the  pure  .\ttic  ma- 
ny peculiarities  of  their  vernacular  dialect,  or  exrhanged  many  -At- 
tic anomalies  and  apparently  laboured  expre**ion^,  tor  the  more 
natural  and  regular  torm".  In  some  cases,  a  simple  .\ttic  form, 
which  in  common  life  had  become  more  or  less  antir;n;tted.  was 
abandoned,  and  a  form  then  in  use  introduced,  e.  g.  vt'jXfoOat  for 
vi7v,  (igurQi^v  lor  doovv.  The  Grammarians,  fre(|ueiitly  wiih  ex- 
cessive pedantry,  endeavoured  to  prevent  this  maiil'cst  decline. 
For  objectionable,  or  at  least,  less  elegant  forms  and  expressions, 
they  proposed  others  drawn  from  the  older  .\ttic  writers.  Hence 
it  became  customary  to  comprehend,  under  the  term  J/tic,  only 
what  had  been  preserved  from  those  classic  .Attics,  and  what  in 
the  strictest  sense  was  peculiar  »o  them.  The  language  however, 
formed  in  the  manner  above  described  from  the  Attic,  and  in  use 
in  cultivated  society,  was  now  denominated  ytoivt]  the  coititnon,  or 
illrjviKt'j  the  Greek  or  common  Greek.  Kven  the  later  authors 
themselves  were  now  called  oi  jcoiioi  or  oi"/,'A/l»;i'/?.  in  distinction 
from  the  genuine  Attics.  We  must  guard  however  against  the  no- 
tion, that  this  xotvt]   dtuXfXTO';  was  a  peculiar  and  distinct  dialect. 


AND  ITS  DIALECTS.  83 

It  remained  alway?  essentially  Attic,  and  every  grammar  of  the 
common  Greek  aimed  principally  to  present  the  Attic  dialect. 

JVote  10.  We  can  readily  conceive  that  under  such  circumstan- 
ces, the  terms  y,oiv6g,  kolvov  became  even  reproachful ;  and  al- 
though it  denoted  properly  what  was  then  common  to  all  the 
Greeks,  the  Athenians  themselves  not  excepted,  it  was  emploj^ed 
by  the  Grammarians  to  designate  what  was  not  pure  Attic.  Every 
form  however,  which  is  called  Attic,  is  not  for  this  reason  exclu- 
sively Attic,  not  even  those  in  use  among  the  Athenians  themselves. 
Many  genuine  Attic  forms  were  not  received  even  in  Athens  to  the 
exclusion  of  others,  with  which  they  were  frequently  interchanged 
in  common  use,  e.  g  qdoh]  with  qiXoi,  'S,vv  with  ovv.  Certain  Ion- 
ic forms  also  had  never  become  strange  to  the  Attic  ear,  e.  g.  un- 
contracted  in  place  of  the  contracted  forms,  of  which  the  writers, 
who  always  consulted  the  ear,  could  avail  themselves  at  pleasure. 
This  approximation  to  the  Ionic  furnishes  the  principal  test  of  the 
older  Attic,  taken  in  its  stricter  sense,  to  which  for  instance  Thu- 
cydides  belongs,  as  Demosthenes  to  the  more  modern  Attic,  which 
forms  the  transition  to  the  later  or  koivi). 

Note  1 1 .  To  give  an  accurate  and  apposite  classification,  we 
should  commence  the  later  Attics  or  y.oivovq  with  the  first,  who 
were  not  Athenians,  who  nevertheless  wrote  in  the  Attic  dialect, 
and  class  with  these  the  later  writers  who  were  really  Athenians. 
To  this  class  then  belong  Aristotle,  Theophrastus,  Apollodorus,  Po- 
lybius,  Diodorus,  Plutarch,  and  the  other  later  authors,  among' 
whom  however,  many,  as  for  instance  Lucian,  iElian,  and  Arrian, 
endeavoured  to  adopt,  as  far  as  possible,  the  genuine  ancient  Attic. 

Note  12.  The  Macedonian  dialect  must  be  especially  regarded 
among  those  which  were  in  various  degrees  incorporated  with  the 
later  Greek.  The  Macedonian  nation  was  allied  to  the  Greeks, 
and  numbered  itself  with  the  Dorians.  They  introduced,  as  con- 
querors, the  Greek  cultivation  and  refinement  among  the  conquer- 
ed barbarians.  Here  also,  the  Greek  was  spoken  and  written,  not 
however  without  some  peculiarities  of  form,  which  the  Gramma- 
rians denominate  Macedonian.  As  Egypt  and  its  capital  city  Alex- 
andria became  the  principal  seat  of  the  later  Greek  culture,  these 
forms  were  comprehended  under  the  name  of  the  Alexandrian  di- 
alect. The  natives  also  of  these  conquered  countries,  began  to 
speak  the  Greek  {iXXtjviC(cv)^  and  such  an  Asiatic  Greek  was  de- 


84  ollKFK   L.\\CVAGE 

nominated  tXkr,i'iaTr'ig.  Hence  the  style  of  the  writers  of  this  class, 
witJi  which  were  incorporated  many  forms  not  Greek  and  many 
oriental  turns  of  exiire-sion,  was  deauminated  HeUnistic,  It  need 
scarcely  be  ob-^erved  that  this  dialect  is  contained  in  the  Jewish 
and  Chri^itian  monuments  of  those  tinies,  e<|ieciall)  in  the  Septua- 
gint  and  in  the  new  Te>itanient,  whence  it  pas-ed  more  or  !•">  in- 
to the  work*  of  the  Fathers.  New  barbarisms  of  every  kind  were 
introduced  durini^  the  middle  age^,  when  Constantinople,  the  an- 
cient Byzantium,  became  the  seat  of  the  Greek  Empire,  and  the 
center  of  literary  ciiltivation.  Out  of  this  arose  the  dialect  of  the 
Byzantine  writers,  and  luially,  the  yet  living  language  of  the  mod- 
ern Greeks. 

A'otc  13.  To  avoid  all  misunderstanding,  we  must  here  observe, 
that  the  ancient  Grammaiians,  and  many  of  the  moderns  who  fol- 
lowed in  their  s^teps,  employ  the  names  of  the  dialects  in  general, 
as  well  as  the  term  xoiiuv^  without  any  regard  to  their  true  his- 
torical sense.  This  is  especially  the  case,  when  they  endeavour 
to  explain  etymologically  and  grammatically  the  forms  and  the  va- 
rious intlexions  of  words.  Thus  they  denominate  the  simple  or 
natural  Greek  form,  or  what  they  deem  to  be  such,  xoivi^  ;  every 
other  form,  derived  from  this  by  means  of  any  changes,  in  vvhat- 
ever  tribe  or  nation  it  may  be  found,  or  even  if  it  be  now  for  the 
first  time  assumed,  they  designate  by  the  name  of  the  dialect  in 
which  such  changes  usually  take  place.  Every  contraction,  for  in- 
stance, is  denofiiinated  .Attic  ;  every  change  of  o  into  ;;,  Ionic;  iic. 
The  gen.  noltog  from  -nokig  is  called  common  (xo *»•!'»?,  although 
this  form  proporly  speaking  was  never  in  general  use  ;  noAfo,',  I- 
onic,  because  the  lonians  frequently  introduced  f  for  other  vow- 
els;  nolfo)^  however,  .\ttic,  because  the  forms  in  -tog  are  so  fa- 
miliar to  tlu'  .Attics.  Whereas,  in  truth,  regarding  the  matter  fiis- 
torically,  noktog  I'elongs  to  thp  Ionic  and  Doric,  noA^o^"  to  the  po- 
ets alone,  and  nuhog  to  the  .Attics  and  to  all  those  v\ho  used  the 
common  dialect.  Tbu^,  according  to  thctn-,  a  torm  must  pass  trom 
•ome  simpler  one  through  several  intt  rmodialc  lorms,  each  of 
which  is  referred  to  some  dialect,  although  frequently  no  one  of 
them  was  ever  really  in  use. 

10.  .As  to  the  general  adoption  of  the  .Attic  dialect,  an  excep- 
tion must  be  male  in  resperi  to  certain  species  of  poetry.  The 
Attics  were  models  only  in  the  Drama-     As  dramatic  poctrv.  from 


AXD  ITS  DIALECTS.  35 

the  circumstances  of  the  case,  can  only  be  the  language  of  com- 
mon life  ennobled  or  elevated,  the  Attic  dialect  alone  was  of  course 
admitted  on  the  Athenian  stage.  It  was  afterwards  adopted  and 
retained  by  every  theatre  in  Greece.  The  dramatic  poets,  in  the 
dialogue,  especially  that  consisting  of  Trimeters  or  Senarii,  be- 
sides the  free  use  of  apostrophe  and  contraction,  availed  them- 
selves of  but  few  of  the  so  named  poetical  licenses  and  changes. 

Nole  14.  The  comic  writers,  as  might  naturally  be  supposed, 
availed  themselves  of  these  licenses  and  changes  the  least  of  all  ; 
on  the  contrary,  to  the  Senarius  of  tragedy,  many  Homeric  forms 
were  always  well  adapted.  Besides,  in  the  dramatic  department, 
only  genuine  and  ancient  Attics  have  been  preserved,  viz.  the  tra- 
gedians TEschylus,  Sophocles,  Euripides,  and  the  comic  writer  Aris- 
tophanes. 

1 1 .  In  the  other  departments  of  poetry,  especially  those  in  which 
the  Hexameter  measure  prevailed,  viz.  the  epic,  didactic,  elegiac, 
Homer  and  ihe  other  ancient  Ionic  poets,  who  were  read  in  the 
schools,  continued  always  to  be  the  models,  and  in  this  species  of 
composition  the  old  Ionic  or  Homeric  language,  with  most  of  its 
peculiarities  and  antiquated  forms,  was  still  preserved.  This  dia- 
lect therefore,  like  the  Attic  in  prose  compositions,  was  appropri- 
ated to  poetry  of  this  class,  in  the  Alexandrian  and  later  ages.  It 
was  no  longer  understood  by  the  unlettered,  but  required,  in  order 
to  comprehend  and  enjoy  it  perfectly,  a  learned  education.  We 
may  with  propriety  comprise  all  the  forms,  &c.  connected  with  this 
species  of  poetry,  under  the  name  of  the  Epic  Language^  for  they 
were  all  originally  derived  from  the  epic  poetry. 

Nute  15.  The  most  celebrated  poets  belonging  to  this  class  are 
Apollonius,  Callimachus,  Aratus,  and  in  later  times,  Oppian,  Quin- 
tus,  &:c. 

12.  The  Doric  dialect  also  was  not  excluded  from  the  poetry 
of  the  later  ages.  It  was  met  with  in  smaller  pieces,  especially  in 
pastorals  and  sportive  poems.  This  was  in  part  owing  to  the  ear- 
lier compositions  of  this  kind  in  the  Doric  dialect  which  served  as 
models,  and  in  part  to  the  circumstance,  that  the  rustic  idiom  and 
the  language  of  the  lower  conditions  of  society  were  essential  to 
such  compositions.  This  idiom  and  language,  however,  owing  to 
the  extent  of  the  Doric  tribe,  was  almost  every  where  the  Doric, 
12i 


80  ukef:k  laxgvage  and  its  dulcc  ts. 

Nott  16.  The  Idylls  of  Theocritus,  Moschus  and  Bion,  are 
composed  in  the  Doric.  This  more  modem  Doric  differ?  howev- 
er very  much  from  the  dialect  of  Pindar.  The  ancient  Epierrams 
were  sometimes  Ionic  and  sometimes  Doric.  Here  however  the 
Doric  was  more  simple  and  noble,  and  confined  itself  to  a  small 
number  of  characteristic  forms,  which  were  familiar  to  the  cuiti- 
rated  poet  of  every  tribe. 

13.  W'e  have  yet  to  observe  that  the  lan|»uage  which  prevails 
in  the  Lyric  portion  of  the  drama,  i.  e.  the  chorus  and  in  the  most 
pathetic  addresses,  has  usually  been  styled  Doric-  But  the  Dori- 
cisms  consist  here  in  little  more  than  the  predominance  of  the  long 
('.,  e-pecially  for  /;,  which  was  a  characteristic  of  the  older  lan- 
guage, and  owiofif  to  its  dignity  was  retained  in  the  more  elevated 
and  affecting  pieces,  while  in  common  lile  it  remained  peculiar 
to  the  Doric*  In  the  other  respects  this  lyric  dialect  approxima- 
ted to  the  abovementioned  Epic  language. 

*  V'id  §  2.  In  these  chorusses,  however,  genuine  and  peculiar 
Doricisms  cannot  be  found,  e.  g.  Inlio.  in  -iv  and  -t]v,  Accuss.  Plur. 
in  wq  and  -og,  iic. 


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